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Han LX, Zhao ZY, Deng C, Wang YZ. Piperazine/Alkene-Containing Phosphoramide Oligomer for the Intumescent Flame Retardation of EPDM Rubber. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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2
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Bhoite SP, Kim J, Jo W, Bhoite PH, Mali SS, Park KH, Hong CK. Expanded Polystyrene Beads Coated with Intumescent Flame Retardant Material to Achieve Fire Safety Standards. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2662. [PMID: 34451203 PMCID: PMC8398555 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The compatibility and coating ratio between flame retardant materials and expanded polystyrene (EPS) foam is a major impediment to achieving satisfactory flame retardant performance. In this study, we prepared a water-based intumescent flame retardant system and methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI)-coated expandable polystyrene microspheres by a simple coating approach. We investigated the compatibility, coating ratio, and fire performance of EPS- and MDI-coated EPS foam using a water-based intumescent flame retardant system. The microscopic study revealed that the water-based intumescent flame retardant materials were successfully incorporated with and without MDI-coated EPS microspheres. The cone calorimeter tests (CCTs) of the MDI-coated EPS containing water-based intumescent flame retardant materials exhibited better flame retardant performance with a lower total heat release (THR) 7.3 MJ/m2, peak heat release rate (PHRR) 57.6 kW/m2, fire growth rate (FIGRA) 2027.067 W/m2.s, and total smoke production (TSP) 0.133 m2. Our results demonstrated that the MDI-coated EPS containing water-based intumescent flame retardant materials achieved flame retarding properties as per fire safety standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangram P. Bhoite
- School of Chemical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (S.P.B.); (S.S.M.)
| | - Jonghyuck Kim
- HDC HYUNDAI EP R & D Center, Gyeonggi-do 16889, Korea; (J.K.); (W.J.)
| | - Wan Jo
- HDC HYUNDAI EP R & D Center, Gyeonggi-do 16889, Korea; (J.K.); (W.J.)
| | - Pravin H. Bhoite
- Department of Chemistry, Kisan Veer Mahavidyalaya, Wai 412803, India;
| | - Sawanta S. Mali
- School of Chemical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (S.P.B.); (S.S.M.)
| | - Kyu-Hwan Park
- HDC HYUNDAI EP R & D Center, Gyeonggi-do 16889, Korea; (J.K.); (W.J.)
| | - Chang-Kook Hong
- School of Chemical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (S.P.B.); (S.S.M.)
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Zirnstein B, Schulze D, Schartel B. Mechanical and Fire Properties of Multicomponent Flame Retardant EPDM Rubbers Using Aluminum Trihydroxide, Ammonium Polyphosphate, and Polyaniline. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E1932. [PMID: 31208036 PMCID: PMC6630469 DOI: 10.3390/ma12121932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, multicomponent flame retardant systems, consisting of ammonium polyphosphate (APP), aluminum trihydroxide (ATH), and polyaniline (PANI), were used in ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rubber. The multicomponent system was designed to improve flame retardancy and the mechanical properties of the rubber compounds, while simultaneously reducing the amount of filler. PANI was applied at low loadings (7 phr) and combined with the phosphorous APP (21 phr) and the mineral flame retardant ATH (50 phr). A comprehensive study of six EPDM rubbers was carried out by systematically varying the fillers to explain the impact of multicomponent flame retardant systems on mechanical properties. The six EPDM materials were investigated via the UL 94, limiting oxygen index (LOI), FMVSS 302, glow wire tests, and the cone calorimeter, showing that multicomponent flame retardant systems led to improved fire performance. In cone calorimeter tests the EPDM/APP/ATH/PANI composite reduced the maximum average rate of heat emission (MARHE) to 142 kW·m-2, a value 50% lower than that for the unfilled EPDM rubber. Furthermore, the amount of phosphorus in the residues was quantified and the mode of action of the phosphorous flame retardant APP was explained. The data from the cone calorimeter were used to determine the protective layer effect of the multicomponent flame retardant systems in the EPDM compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Zirnstein
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Dietmar Schulze
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Bernhard Schartel
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany.
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Basu D, Das A, Wang DY, George JJ, Stöckelhuber KW, Boldt R, Leuteritz A, Heinrich G. Fire-safe and environmentally friendly nanocomposites based on layered double hydroxides and ethylene propylene diene elastomer. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra27444c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The capability of layered double hydroxide has been explored as a potential flame retardant filler and the effect of the mechanical properties, dynamic mechanical properties, and thermal stability of the composites was also studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debdipta Basu
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V
- D-01069 Dresden
- Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden
- Institut für Werkstoffwissenschaft
| | - Amit Das
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V
- D-01069 Dresden
- Germany
- Tampere University of Technology
- Tampere
| | | | | | | | - Regine Boldt
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V
- D-01069 Dresden
- Germany
| | - Andreas Leuteritz
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V
- D-01069 Dresden
- Germany
| | - Gert Heinrich
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V
- D-01069 Dresden
- Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden
- Institut für Werkstoffwissenschaft
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Effect of Ammonium Polyphosphate on Flame Retardancy, Thermal Stability, and Mechanical Properties of Unsaturated Polyester/Phenolic/Montmorillonite Nanocomposites. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/adv.21605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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6
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Li X, Yang Z, Yao J, Zhang Y. Organic Nano-Montmorillonite for Simultaneously Improving the Flame Retardancy, Thermal Stability, and Mechanical Properties of Intumescent Flame-Retardant Silicone Rubber Composites. J MACROMOL SCI B 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348.2015.1087455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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7
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One-pot synthesis of a novel s-triazine-based hyperbranched charring foaming agent and its enhancement on flame retardancy and water resistance of polypropylene. Polym Degrad Stab 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2014.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Ye W, Du L, Tian X. Synthesis and Properties of a Novel Intumescent Flame Retardant and its Application in LLDPE. INT POLYM PROC 2014. [DOI: 10.3139/217.2716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In this study, a novel phosphorus-containing flame retardant (IFR) of spirocyclic pentaerythritol diphosphonate dinitroguanidine (SPDD) was successfully synthesized, which was characterized by 1H NMR, 31P NMR and FTIR spectra. At the same time, the SPDD was used in LLDPE to prepare flame-retardant materials whose flammability and thermal behavior were studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), limiting oxygen index (LOI) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The TGA data showed that SPDD could effectively enhance the thermal stability and char residue of LLDPE/IFR composite. And with the increase of SPDD, the LOI value of LLDPE/IFR increases obviously. When SPDD reached 30 wt%, the LOI value of LLDPE/IFR reaches 31 %. The SEM also shows the surface of intumescent chars of LLDPE/IFR (30 %) has many sphere-like swollen bubbles.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Ye
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & the Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Polymer Materials of Anhui Province , Anhui University, Hefei , PRC
| | - L. Du
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & the Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Polymer Materials of Anhui Province , Anhui University, Hefei , PRC
| | - X. Tian
- Institute of Solid State Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei , PRC
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Hassan A, Ken LS, Jawaid M. Flame Retardancy and Kinetic Behavior of Ammonium Polyphosphate–Treated Unsaturated Polyester/Phenolic Interpenetrating Polymer Network. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF POLYMER ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/1023666x.2013.747719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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10
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Arora S, Kumar M, Kumar M. Thermal and flammability studies of poly(vinyl alcohol) composites filled with sodium hydroxide. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.37705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Cao K, Wu SL, Wang KL, Yao Z. Kinetic Study on Surface Modification of Ammonium Polyphosphate with Melamine. Ind Eng Chem Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ie2007938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and ‡Institute of Polymerization and Polymer Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Shui-liang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and ‡Institute of Polymerization and Polymer Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Kai-li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and ‡Institute of Polymerization and Polymer Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zhen Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and ‡Institute of Polymerization and Polymer Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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Zuo JD, Liu SM, Sheng Q. Synthesis and application in polypropylene of a novel of phosphorus-containing intumescent flame retardant. Molecules 2010; 15:7593-602. [PMID: 21030912 PMCID: PMC6259103 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15117593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel phosphorus-containing triazine oligomer poly(2-morpholinyl-4-penta-erythritol phosphate-1,3,5-triazine) (PMPT) was synthesized as a kind of tri-component intumescent flame retardant (IFR). The chemical structure of PMPT was characterized by FTIR, 1H-NMR and 31P-NMR, and the mechanical and flammability properties of FR-PP were measured. The FTIR results showed that the expected chemical reactions had happened at each step. The 1H-NMR and 31P-NMR spectra also agreed with the chemical structure of PMPT. The slight effect of PMPT on the mechanical properties of FR-PP suggested that PMPT and PP are compatible. The high limited oxygen index (LOI) values of FR-PP revealed that PMPT was an efficient IFR and there was the synergistic effect between PMPT and ammonium polyphosphate/ pentaerythritol (APP/PER).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Dong Zuo
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060 Shenzhen, China
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: . Tel: +86-755-26535133; Fax: +86-755-26536239
| | - Shu-Mei Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, 510640, Guangzhou, China; E-Mails: (S.L.); (Q.S.)
| | - Qi Sheng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, 510640, Guangzhou, China; E-Mails: (S.L.); (Q.S.)
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Zuo J, Su Y, Liu S, Sheng Q. Preparation and properties of FR-PP with phosphorus-containing intumescent flame retardant. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-010-9515-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Fang S, Hu Y, Song L, Wu J. Preparation and investigation of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer/silicone rubber/clay nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/app.30288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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15
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Johns J, Rao V. Characterization of Natural Rubber Latex/Chitosan Blends. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF POLYMER ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/10236660802190104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Maio LD, Acierno D, Martino DD. Halogen Free Flame Retardant Agents for Polypropylene in Wire Coating Process. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.200750143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Song R, Zhang B, Huang B, Tang T. Synergistic effect of supported nickel catalyst with intumescent flame-retardants on flame retardancy and thermal stability of polypropylene. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.25178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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