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Radulov PS, Belyakova YY, Demina AA, Nikishin GI, Yaremenko IA, Terent’ev AO. Selective synthesis of cyclic triperoxides from 1,1′-dihydroperoxydi(cycloalkyl)peroxides and acetals using SnCl4. Russ Chem Bull 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-019-2555-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Wang F, Chang L, Hu Y, Wu G, Liu H. Synthesis and Properties of In-Situ Bulk High Impact Polystyrene Toughened by High cis-1,4 Polybutadiene. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11050791. [PMID: 31052557 PMCID: PMC6571887 DOI: 10.3390/polym11050791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of high impact polystyrenes (HIPS) were successfully prepared by in-situ bulk polymerization. Selective polymerization of butadiene (Bd) in styrene (St) was achieved by using a neodymium bis(2-ethylhexanol)phosphonate/diisobutyl aluminum hydride/diethylaluminum chloride (Nd(P507)3/Al(i-Bu)2H/AlEt2Cl) catalyst, affording a prepolymer with high cis-1,4 content of 96.6% and extremely low styrene content of 1.01%. The prepolymer solution was further subjected to the radical polymerization of styrene to produce HIPS. The impact strength of HIPS increased from 48.5 to 166.2 J/m, with an increase of rubber content from 5% to 15%, whereas the tensile strength at break decreased from 17 to 12.5 MPa. Moreover, the impact strength and the tensile strength at break of HIPS increased from 72.4 J/m to 120.6 J/m and 13.2 to 16 MPa, respectively, as the initiator concentration decreased from 0.05% to 0.01%. HIPS showed the highest impact strength of 84.8 J·m−1 and displayed well “salami” morphology when using a trifunctional 3,6,9-triethyl-3,6,9-trimethyl-1,4,7-triperoxonane initiator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Li Chang
- CAS Key Laboratory of High-Performance Synthetic Rubber and its Composite Materials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China.
| | - Yanming Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of High-Performance Synthetic Rubber and its Composite Materials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China.
| | - Guangfeng Wu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Heng Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of High-Performance Synthetic Rubber and its Composite Materials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China.
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Castor C, Pontier A, Durand J, Pinto J, Prat L. Real time monitoring of the quiescent suspension copolymerization of vinyl chloride with methyl methacrylate in microreactors – Part 3. A kinetic study by raman spectroscopy and evolution of droplet size. Chem Eng Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2017.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Castor C, Pontier A, Durand J, Pinto J, Prat L. Real time monitoring of the quiescent suspension polymerization of vinyl chloride in microreactors – Part 2. A kinetic study by Raman spectroscopy and evolution of droplet size. Chem Eng Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2016.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Berkenwald E, Laganá ML, Acuña P, Morales G, Estenoz D. Bulk Polymerization of Styrene using Multifunctional Initiators in a Batch Reactor: A Comprehensive Mathematical Model. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL REACTOR ENGINEERING 2015. [DOI: 10.1515/ijcre-2015-0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A detailed, comprehensive mathematical model for bulk polymerization of styrene using multifunctional initiators – both linear and cyclic – in a batch reactor was developed. The model is based on a kinetic mechanism that considers thermal initiation and chemical initiation by sequential decomposition of labile groups, propagation, transfer to monomer, termination by combination and re-initiation reactions due to undecomposed labile groups. The model predicts the evolution of global reaction variables (e.g, concentration of reagents, products, radical species and labile groups) as well as the evolution of the detailed complete polymer molecular weight distributions, with polymer species characterized by chain length and number of undecomposed labile groups. The mathematical model was adjusted and validated using experimental data for various peroxide-type multifunctional initiators: diethyl ketone triperoxide (DEKTP, cyclic trifunctional), pinacolone diperoxide (PDP, cyclic bifunctional) and 1,1-bis(tert-butylperoxy)cyclohexane (L331, linear bifunctional). The model very adequately predicts polymerization rates and complete molecular weight distributions. The model is used to theoretically evaluate the influence of initiator structure and functionality as well as reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Berkenwald
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires (ITBA), Av. Madero 399, C.P.1106, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M. L. Laganá
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires (ITBA), Av. Madero 399, C.P.1106, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - P. Acuña
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada (CIQA), Bv. E. Reyna Hermosillo 140, C.P. 25294, Saltillo, Coahuila, México
| | - G. Morales
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada (CIQA), Bv. E. Reyna Hermosillo 140, C.P. 25294, Saltillo, Coahuila, México
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Mermier NRJD, Castor CA, Pinto JC. Solution styrene polymerizations performed with multifunctional initiators. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas R. J.-D. Mermier
- Programa de Engenharia Química/COPPE, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Cidade Universitária, CP 68502, Rio de Janeiro-21941-972 RJ Brasil
| | - Carlos A. Castor
- Programa de Engenharia Química/COPPE, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Cidade Universitária, CP 68502, Rio de Janeiro-21941-972 RJ Brasil
| | - José Carlos Pinto
- Programa de Engenharia Química/COPPE, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Cidade Universitária, CP 68502, Rio de Janeiro-21941-972 RJ Brasil
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Castor CA, Sarmoria C, Asteasuain M, Brandolin A, Pinto JC. Mathematical Modeling of Molecular Weight Distributions in Vinyl Chloride Suspension Polymerizations Performed with a Bifunctional Initiator through Probability Generating Functions. MACROMOL THEOR SIMUL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/mats.201400038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A. Castor
- Programa de Engenharia Química/COPPE; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária; CP 68502 Rio de Janeiro 21941-972 RJ Brazil
| | - Claudia Sarmoria
- Planta Piloto de Ingeniería Química - UNS-CONICET; Camino La Carrindanga; km 7 8000 Bahía Blanca Argentina
| | - Mariano Asteasuain
- Planta Piloto de Ingeniería Química - UNS-CONICET; Camino La Carrindanga; km 7 8000 Bahía Blanca Argentina
| | - Adriana Brandolin
- Planta Piloto de Ingeniería Química - UNS-CONICET; Camino La Carrindanga; km 7 8000 Bahía Blanca Argentina
| | - José C. Pinto
- Programa de Engenharia Química/COPPE; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária; CP 68502 Rio de Janeiro 21941-972 RJ Brazil
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Berkenwald E, Spies C, Morales G, Estenoz D. Mathematical model for the bulk polymerization of styrene chemically initiated by sequential and total decomposition of the trifunctional initiator diethyl ketone triperoxide. POLYM ENG SCI 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.23876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Berkenwald
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires (ITBA); C.P.1106 Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Cecilia Spies
- Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico Para La Industria Química; INTEC (Universidad Nacional del Litoral-CONICET); C.P. 3000 Santa Fe Argentina
| | - Graciela Morales
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada (CIQA); C.P. 25294 Saltillo Coahuila México
| | - Diana Estenoz
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires (ITBA); C.P.1106 Buenos Aires Argentina
- Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico Para La Industria Química; INTEC (Universidad Nacional del Litoral-CONICET); C.P. 3000 Santa Fe Argentina
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Barreto GP, Alvarez EE, Eyler GN, Cañizo AI, Allegretti PE. Thermal Decomposition of Diethylketone Cyclic Triperoxide in Polar Solvents. Aust J Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1071/ch13660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The thermolysis of diethylketone cyclic triperoxide (3,3,6,6,9,9-hexaethyl-1,2,4,5,7,8-hexaoxacyclononane, DEKTP) was studied in different polar solvents (ethanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, 2-methyl-2-propanol, and acetonitrile). The rate constant values (kd) are higher for reactions performed in secondary alcohols probably because of the possibility to form a cyclic adduct with the participation of the hydrogen atom bonded to the secondary carbon. The kinetic parameters were correlated with the physicochemical properties of the selected solvents. The products of the DEKTP thermal decomposition in different polar solvents support a radical-based decomposition mechanism.
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Berkenwald E, Spies C, Cortez JRC, Morales G, Estenoz D. Mathematical model for the bulk polymerization of styrene using the symmetrical cyclic trifunctional initiator diethyl ketone triperoxide. I. Chemical initiation by sequential decomposition. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.38221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Thermal decomposition of 3,3,6,6,9,9-hexaethyl-1,2,4,5,7,8-hexaoxacyclononane in solution and its use in methyl methacrylate polymerization. Polym Bull (Berl) 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-010-0348-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Acuña P, Morales G, de León RD. Synthesis and characterization of high-impact polystyrene using a multifunctional cyclic peroxide as the initiator. J Appl Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/app.30932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Terent’ev A, Platonov M, Krylova I, Egorov M, Nikishin G. First synthesis of cyclic organogermanium peroxides, 1,2,4,5,7,8-hexaoxa-3-germonanes. J Organomet Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2009.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Scorah MJ, Dhib R, Penlidis A. Recent Advances in the Study of Multifunctional Initiators in Free Radical Polymerizations. MACROMOL REACT ENG 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/mren.200600040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Scorah M, Dhib R, Penlidis A. Modelling of free radical polymerization of styrene and methyl methacrylate by a tetrafunctional initiator. Chem Eng Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2006.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Decomposition of 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(2-ethylhexanoylperoxy)hexane and its use in polymerization of styrene and methyl methacrylate. POLYMER 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2005.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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