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Gao SJ, Li LZ, Han PF, Wang L, Li F, Yu TL, Li YF. Response Properties of Electrorheological Composite Hydrophilic Elastomers Based on Different Morphologies of Magnesium-Doped Strontium Titanate. Molecules 2024; 29:3462. [PMID: 39124869 PMCID: PMC11313832 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29153462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
As smart materials, electrorheological elastomers (EREs) formed by pre-treating active electrorheological particles are attracting more and more attention. In this work, four Mg-doped strontium titanate (Mg-STO) particles with spherical, dendritic, flake-like, and pinecone-like morphologies were obtained via hydrothermal and low-temperature co-precipitation. XRD, SEM, Raman, and FT-IR were used to characterize these products. The results showed that Mg-STOs are about 1.5-2.0 μm in size, and their phase structures are dominated by cubic crystals. These Mg-STOs were dispersed in a hydrogel composite elastic medium. Then, Mg-STO/glycerol/gelatin electrorheological composite hydrophilic elastomers were obtained with or without an electric field. The electric field response properties of Mg-doped strontium titanate composite elastomers were investigated. We concluded that dendritic Mg-STO composite elastomers are high-performance EREs, and the maximum value of their energy storage was 8.70 MPa. The significant electrorheological performance of these products is helpful for their applications in vibration control, force transducers, smart structures, dampers, and other fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Juan Gao
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Lyuliang University, Luliang 033001, China; (L.-Z.L.); (L.W.); (F.L.); (T.-L.Y.)
- Institute of New Carbon-Based Materials and Zero-Carbon and Negative-Carbon Technology, Lyuliang University, Luliang 033001, China
| | - Lin-Zhi Li
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Lyuliang University, Luliang 033001, China; (L.-Z.L.); (L.W.); (F.L.); (T.-L.Y.)
- Institute of New Carbon-Based Materials and Zero-Carbon and Negative-Carbon Technology, Lyuliang University, Luliang 033001, China
| | - Peng-Fei Han
- Institute of Teacher Education, Taiyuan Normal University, Taiyuan 030006, China;
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Lyuliang University, Luliang 033001, China; (L.-Z.L.); (L.W.); (F.L.); (T.-L.Y.)
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Lyuliang University, Luliang 033001, China; (L.-Z.L.); (L.W.); (F.L.); (T.-L.Y.)
| | - Tan-Lai Yu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Lyuliang University, Luliang 033001, China; (L.-Z.L.); (L.W.); (F.L.); (T.-L.Y.)
- Institute of New Carbon-Based Materials and Zero-Carbon and Negative-Carbon Technology, Lyuliang University, Luliang 033001, China
| | - Yan-Fang Li
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Lyuliang University, Luliang 033001, China; (L.-Z.L.); (L.W.); (F.L.); (T.-L.Y.)
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Wang Y, Jiang X, Li X, Ding K, Liu X, Huang B, Ding J, Qu K, Sun W, Xue Z, Xu W. Bionic ordered structured hydrogels: structure types, design strategies, optimization mechanism of mechanical properties and applications. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:4033-4058. [PMID: 37522298 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh00326d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Natural organisms, such as lobsters, lotus, and humans, exhibit exceptional mechanical properties due to their ordered structures. However, traditional hydrogels have limitations in their mechanical and physical properties due to their disordered molecular structures when compared with natural organisms. Therefore, inspired by nature and the properties of hydrogels similar to those of biological soft tissues, researchers are increasingly focusing on how to investigate bionic ordered structured hydrogels and render them as bioengineering soft materials with unique mechanical properties. In this paper, we systematically introduce the various structure types, design strategies, and optimization mechanisms used to enhance the strength, toughness, and anti-fatigue properties of bionic ordered structured hydrogels in recent years. We further review the potential applications of bionic ordered structured hydrogels in various fields, including sensors, bioremediation materials, actuators, and impact-resistant materials. Finally, we summarize the challenges and future development prospects of bionic ordered structured hydrogels in preparation and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China.
| | - Xinyu Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China.
| | - Xusheng Li
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China.
| | - Kexin Ding
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China.
| | - Xianrui Liu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China.
| | - Bin Huang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China.
| | - Junjie Ding
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China.
| | - Keyu Qu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China.
| | - Wenzhi Sun
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China.
| | - Zhongxin Xue
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China.
| | - Wenlong Xu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China.
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Nanocomposite Hydrogels as Functional Extracellular Matrices. Gels 2023; 9:gels9020153. [PMID: 36826323 PMCID: PMC9957407 DOI: 10.3390/gels9020153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Over recent years, nano-engineered materials have become an important component of artificial extracellular matrices. On one hand, these materials enable static enhancement of the bulk properties of cell scaffolds, for instance, they can alter mechanical properties or electrical conductivity, in order to better mimic the in vivo cell environment. Yet, many nanomaterials also exhibit dynamic, remotely tunable optical, electrical, magnetic, or acoustic properties, and therefore, can be used to non-invasively deliver localized, dynamic stimuli to cells cultured in artificial ECMs in three dimensions. Vice versa, the same, functional nanomaterials, can also report changing environmental conditions-whether or not, as a result of a dynamically applied stimulus-and as such provide means for wireless, long-term monitoring of the cell status inside the culture. In this review article, we present an overview of the technological advances regarding the incorporation of functional nanomaterials in artificial extracellular matrices, highlighting both passive and dynamically tunable nano-engineered components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koki Sano
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering; The University of Tokyo; Hongo 7-3-1 Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science; Hirosawa 2-1 Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Ishida
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science; Hirosawa 2-1 Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Takuzo Aida
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering; The University of Tokyo; Hongo 7-3-1 Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science; Hirosawa 2-1 Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
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Sano K, Ishida Y, Aida T. Synthesis of Anisotropic Hydrogels and Their Applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:2532-2543. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201708196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koki Sano
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering; The University of Tokyo; Hongo 7-3-1 Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science; Hirosawa 2-1 Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Ishida
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science; Hirosawa 2-1 Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Takuzo Aida
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering; The University of Tokyo; Hongo 7-3-1 Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science; Hirosawa 2-1 Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
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Ma N, Zhang Z, Dong X, Wang Q, Niu C, Han B. Dynamic viscoelasticity and phenomenological model of electrorheological elastomers. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Ma
- School of Civil Engineering; Dalian University of Technology; 116024 Dalian China
| | - Ziqi Zhang
- School of Civil Engineering; Dalian University of Technology; 116024 Dalian China
| | - Xufeng Dong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Dalian University of Technology; 116024 Dalian China
| | - Qi Wang
- School of Civil Engineering; Dalian University of Technology; 116024 Dalian China
| | - Chenguang Niu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Dalian University of Technology; 116024 Dalian China
| | - Baoguo Han
- School of Civil Engineering; Dalian University of Technology; 116024 Dalian China
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Puljiz M, Menzel AM. Forces and torques on rigid inclusions in an elastic environment: Resulting matrix-mediated interactions, displacements, and rotations. Phys Rev E 2017; 95:053002. [PMID: 28618505 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.95.053002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Embedding rigid inclusions into elastic matrix materials is a procedure of high practical relevance, for instance, for the fabrication of elastic composite materials. We theoretically analyze the following situation. Rigid spherical inclusions are enclosed by a homogeneous elastic medium under stick boundary conditions. Forces and torques are directly imposed from outside onto the inclusions or are externally induced between them. The inclusions respond to these forces and torques by translations and rotations against the surrounding elastic matrix. This leads to elastic matrix deformations, and in turn results in mutual long-ranged matrix-mediated interactions between the inclusions. Adapting a well-known approach from low-Reynolds-number hydrodynamics, we explicitly calculate the displacements and rotations of the inclusions from the externally imposed or induced forces and torques. Analytical expressions are presented as a function of the inclusion configuration in terms of displaceability and rotateability matrices. The role of the elastic environment is implicitly included in these relations. That is, the resulting expressions allow a calculation of the induced displacements and rotations directly from the inclusion configuration, without having to explicitly determine the deformations of the elastic environment. In contrast to the hydrodynamic case, compressibility of the surrounding medium is readily taken into account. We present the complete derivation based on the underlying equations of linear elasticity theory. In the future, the method will, for example, be helpful to characterize the behavior of externally tunable elastic composite materials, to accelerate numerical approaches, as well as to improve the quantitative interpretation of microrheological results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mate Puljiz
- Institut für Theoretische Physik II: Weiche Materie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andreas M Menzel
- Institut für Theoretische Physik II: Weiche Materie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Hines L, Petersen K, Lum GZ, Sitti M. Soft Actuators for Small-Scale Robotics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1603483. [PMID: 28032926 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201603483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 500] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
This review comprises a detailed survey of ongoing methodologies for soft actuators, highlighting approaches suitable for nanometer- to centimeter-scale robotic applications. Soft robots present a special design challenge in that their actuation and sensing mechanisms are often highly integrated with the robot body and overall functionality. When less than a centimeter, they belong to an even more special subcategory of robots or devices, in that they often lack on-board power, sensing, computation, and control. Soft, active materials are particularly well suited for this task, with a wide range of stimulants and a number of impressive examples, demonstrating large deformations, high motion complexities, and varied multifunctionality. Recent research includes both the development of new materials and composites, as well as novel implementations leveraging the unique properties of soft materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey Hines
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstraße 3, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Guo Zhan Lum
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstraße 3, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Metin Sitti
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstraße 3, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Max Planck ETH Center for Learning Systems, Heisenbergstraße 3, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
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Niu C, Dong X, Qi M. Enhanced Electrorheological Properties of Elastomers Containing TiO₂/Urea Core-Shell Particles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:24855-24863. [PMID: 26492099 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b08127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Polar molecule-coated core-shell particles have been used to prepare electrorheological (ER) fluids with high performance. Inspired by those studies, TiO2/urea core-shell structured particles were fabricated and used to prepare novel ER elastomers, whose properties were compared with the ER elastomers with bare TiO2 particles. Particles characterization results illustrate the TiO2/urea particles present little change in size, morphology and crystal structure with respect to the bare amorphous TiO2 particles, while clear core-shell structure is observed. Compared with the bare TiO2 particles filled elastomer, the TiO2/urea particles filled elastomer presents higher dielectric constant, indicating enhanced polarization. The viscoelastic properties of the two elastomers under different strain amplitude, frequency and electric field were tested. The results indicate that the TiO2/urea particles filled elastomer shows higher storage modulus G' and higher relative ER effect within the low field strength region from 0 to 2 kV/mm. Coating polar molecules is an effective method to improve the ER performance for ER elastomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenguang Niu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xufeng Dong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024, China
| | - Min Qi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024, China
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Gao LX, Chen JL, Han XW, Zhang JL, Yan SX. Electric-field response behaviors of chitosan/barium titanate composite hydrogel elastomers. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Xiang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (Ministry of Education); Shaanxi Normal University; Xi'an 710062 People's Republic of China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shaanxi Normal University; Xi'an 710062 People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Li Chen
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (Ministry of Education); Shaanxi Normal University; Xi'an 710062 People's Republic of China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shaanxi Normal University; Xi'an 710062 People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Wu Han
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (Ministry of Education); Shaanxi Normal University; Xi'an 710062 People's Republic of China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shaanxi Normal University; Xi'an 710062 People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Lan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (Ministry of Education); Shaanxi Normal University; Xi'an 710062 People's Republic of China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shaanxi Normal University; Xi'an 710062 People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Xian Yan
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (Ministry of Education); Shaanxi Normal University; Xi'an 710062 People's Republic of China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shaanxi Normal University; Xi'an 710062 People's Republic of China
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Hao L, Ding C, Zhao X. A novel electric elastomer based on starch/transformer oil drop/silicone rubber hybrid. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.33038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hao L, Shi Z, Zhao X. Mechanical behavior of starch/silicone oil/silicone rubber hybrid electric elastomer. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2008.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Gao L, Zhao X. Mechanical and electrical properties of hydrous electrorheological elastomers based on gelatin/glycerin/water hybrid. J Appl Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/app.25818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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