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Feijoo P, Samaniego-Aguilar K, Sánchez-Safont E, Torres-Giner S, Lagaron JM, Gamez-Perez J, Cabedo L. Development and Characterization of Fully Renewable and Biodegradable Polyhydroxyalkanoate Blends with Improved Thermoformability. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14132527. [PMID: 35808571 PMCID: PMC9269288 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-valerate) (PHBV), being one of the most studied and commercially available polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), presents an intrinsic brittleness and narrow processing window that currently hinders its use in several plastic applications. The aim of this study was to develop a biodegradable PHA-based blend by combining PHBV with poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) (PHBH), another copolyester of the PHA family that shows a more ductile behavior. Blends of PHBV with 20% wt., 30% wt., and 40% wt. of PHBH were obtained by melt mixing, processed by cast extrusion in the form of films, and characterized in terms of their morphology, crystallization behavior, thermal stability, mechanical properties, and thermoformability. Full miscibility of both biopolymers was observed in the amorphous phase due to the presence of a single delta peak, ranging from 4.5 °C to 13.7 °C. Moreover, the incorporation of PHBH hindered the crystallization process of PHBV by decreasing the spherulite growth rate from 1.0 µm/min to 0.3 µm/min. However, for the entire composition range studied, the high brittleness of the resulting materials remained since the presence of PHBH did not prevent the PHBV crystalline phase from governing the mechanical behavior of the blend. Interestingly, the addition of PHBH greatly improved the thermoformability by widening the processing window of PHBV by 7 s, as a result of the increase in the melt strength of the blends even for the lowest PHBH content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Feijoo
- Polymers and Advanced Materials Group (PIMA), Universitat Jaume I (UJI), Avenida de Vicent Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castelló, Spain; (P.F.); (K.S.-A.); (E.S.-S.); (J.G.-P.)
| | - Kerly Samaniego-Aguilar
- Polymers and Advanced Materials Group (PIMA), Universitat Jaume I (UJI), Avenida de Vicent Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castelló, Spain; (P.F.); (K.S.-A.); (E.S.-S.); (J.G.-P.)
| | - Estefanía Sánchez-Safont
- Polymers and Advanced Materials Group (PIMA), Universitat Jaume I (UJI), Avenida de Vicent Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castelló, Spain; (P.F.); (K.S.-A.); (E.S.-S.); (J.G.-P.)
| | - Sergio Torres-Giner
- Novel Materials and Nanotechnology Group, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benlloch 7, 46980 Paterna, Spain; (S.T.-G.); (J.M.L.)
| | - Jose M. Lagaron
- Novel Materials and Nanotechnology Group, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benlloch 7, 46980 Paterna, Spain; (S.T.-G.); (J.M.L.)
| | - Jose Gamez-Perez
- Polymers and Advanced Materials Group (PIMA), Universitat Jaume I (UJI), Avenida de Vicent Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castelló, Spain; (P.F.); (K.S.-A.); (E.S.-S.); (J.G.-P.)
| | - Luis Cabedo
- Polymers and Advanced Materials Group (PIMA), Universitat Jaume I (UJI), Avenida de Vicent Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castelló, Spain; (P.F.); (K.S.-A.); (E.S.-S.); (J.G.-P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-964-72-8193
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Meereboer K, Pal AK, Misra M, Mohanty AK. Green Composites from a Bioplastic Blend of Poly(3-hyroxybutyrate- co-3-hydroxyvalerate) and Carbon Dioxide-Derived Poly(propylene carbonate) and Filled with a Corn Ethanol-Industry Co-product. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:20103-20111. [PMID: 34395963 PMCID: PMC8358941 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable green composites were engineered from distillers' dried grains with solubles (DDGS), a co-product from the corn ethanol industry as a sustainable filler in bioplastic matrices made from a carbon dioxide-derived poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC) and poly(3-hyroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) blend. The effect of water-washed DDGS (15 and 25 wt %) on the properties of injection-molded green composites from PHBV/PPC blends (60/40) and (40/60) and DDGS without and with peroxide (0.5 phr) has been investigated. From the results, it was noticed that the glass transition temperature (T g) of the PHBV/PPC (60/40) bioplastic matrix increased by ∼9.6 °C by adding a peroxide cross-linking agent, indicating significant interaction (linkage) between PHBV and PPC polymers in this particular composition ratio, which was supported by SEM analysis as no phase separation was observed between PHBV and PPC. The tensile modulus of PHBV/PPC (60/40) and PHBV/PPC (40/60) blends with peroxide was improved by ∼40.7 and 1.5% after the addition of 25 wt % DDGS, respectively, due to its fibrous flaky structure. The % elongation values at break of the PHBV/PPC (60/40) blend matrices with and without peroxide were drastically improved by 18.5 and 90.7 folds, respectively, as compared to that of brittle pristine PHBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjeld
W. Meereboer
- Bioproducts
Discovery and Development Centre, Department of Plant Agriculture,
Crop Science Building, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
- School
of Engineering, Thornbrough Building, University
of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Akhilesh Kumar Pal
- Bioproducts
Discovery and Development Centre, Department of Plant Agriculture,
Crop Science Building, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Manjusri Misra
- Bioproducts
Discovery and Development Centre, Department of Plant Agriculture,
Crop Science Building, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
- School
of Engineering, Thornbrough Building, University
of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Amar K. Mohanty
- Bioproducts
Discovery and Development Centre, Department of Plant Agriculture,
Crop Science Building, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
- School
of Engineering, Thornbrough Building, University
of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
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3
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Hedrick MM, Wu F, Mohanty AK, Misra M. Morphology and performance relationship studies on biodegradable ternary blends of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate- co-3-hydroxyvalerate), polylactic acid, and polypropylene carbonate. RSC Adv 2020; 10:44624-44632. [PMID: 35516230 PMCID: PMC9058669 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07485c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A biodegradable ternary blend fabricated from polylactic acid (PLA), poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) and polypropylene carbonate (PPC) with a good balance of stiffness and toughness via optimizing the composition ratio and morphological structure is, to the best of the authors' knowledge, reported here for the first time. The optimal blend formulation is comprised of 20% PLA, 40% PHBV, and 40% PPC, which possesses a tensile strength measuring 44 MPa and an elongation at break measuring at 215%. Thermal performance analysis revealed an HDT value of 72 °C. The Harkins equation predicts that the three immiscible polymers formed a complete wetting morphology, which was confirmed by scanning electrical microscopy. As the PPC content of the ternary blends is increased, the material undergoes morphological transition from droplet to co-continuous structure, resulting in significant improvement of elongation at break (approximately 40 times higher than that of the PLA-PHBV binary blend). Excellent stiffness and over 200% elongation at break make these sustainable ternary blends feasible for use in packaging as substitutes for certain non-biodegradable petroleum-based single use plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary M Hedrick
- School of Engineering, University of Guelph Thornbrough Building Guelph Ontario Canada
- Bioproducts Discovery & Development Centre, Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph Crop Science Building Guelph Ontario Canada
| | - Feng Wu
- Bioproducts Discovery & Development Centre, Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph Crop Science Building Guelph Ontario Canada
| | - Amar K Mohanty
- School of Engineering, University of Guelph Thornbrough Building Guelph Ontario Canada
- Bioproducts Discovery & Development Centre, Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph Crop Science Building Guelph Ontario Canada
| | - Manjusri Misra
- School of Engineering, University of Guelph Thornbrough Building Guelph Ontario Canada
- Bioproducts Discovery & Development Centre, Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph Crop Science Building Guelph Ontario Canada
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4
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Rheological, thermal and mechanical properties of biodegradable poly(lactic acid)/poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)/poly(propylene carbonate) polyurethane trinary blown films. Polym Bull (Berl) 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-019-02942-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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5
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Sustainable Blends of Poly(propylene carbonate) and Stereocomplex Polylactide with Enhanced Rheological Properties and Heat Resistance. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-020-2408-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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6
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Shojaeiarani J, Bajwa DS, Rehovsky C, Bajwa SG, Vahidi G. Deterioration in the Physico-Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Biopolymers Due to Reprocessing. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E58. [PMID: 30960042 PMCID: PMC6401911 DOI: 10.3390/polym11010058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Biopolymers are an emerging class of materials being widely pursued due to their ability to degrade in short periods of time. Understanding and evaluating the recyclability of biopolymers is paramount for their sustainable and efficient use in a cost-effective manner. Recycling has proven to be an important solution, to control environmental and waste management issues. This paper presents the first recycling assessment of Solanyl, Bioflex, polylactic acid (PLA) and PHBV using a melt extrusion process. All biopolymers were subjected to five reprocessing cycles. The thermal and mechanical properties of the biopolymers were investigated by GPC, TGA, DSC, mechanical test, and DMA. The molecular weights of Bioflex and Solanyl showed no susceptible effect of the recycling process, however, a significant reduction was observed in the molecular weight of PLA and PHBV. The inherent thermo-mechanical degradation in PHBV and PLA resulted in 20% and 7% reduction in storage modulus, respectively while minimal reduction was observed in the storage modulus of Bioflex and Solanyl. As expected from the Florry-Fox equation, recycled PLA with a high reduction in molecular weight (78%) experienced 9% reduction in glass transition temperature. Bioflex and Solanyl showed 5% and 2% reduction in molecular weight and experienced only 2% reduction in glass transition temperature. These findings highlight the recyclability potential of Bioflex and Solanyl over PLA and PHBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamileh Shojaeiarani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA.
| | - Dilpreet S Bajwa
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA.
| | - Chad Rehovsky
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA.
| | - Sreekala G Bajwa
- Department of Agriculture and Biosystem Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA.
| | - Ghazal Vahidi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA.
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Muthuraj R, Mekonnen T. Recent progress in carbon dioxide (CO2) as feedstock for sustainable materials development: Co-polymers and polymer blends. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.04.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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8
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Sasanuma Y, Takahashi Y. Structure-Property Relationships of Poly(ethylene carbonate) and Poly(propylene carbonate). ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:4808-4819. [PMID: 31457761 PMCID: PMC6641952 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b00964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Conformational characteristics of poly(ethylene carbonate) (PEC) and poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC) have been revealed via molecular orbital (MO) calculations and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments on model compounds with the same bond sequences as those of the polycarbonates. Bond conformations derived from the MO calculations on the models were in exact agreement with those from the NMR experiments. Both PEC and PPC were indicated to adopt distorted conformations including a number of gauche bonds and cover themselves with negative charges, thus failing to form a regular packing and remaining amorphous. The MO data were applied to the refined rotational isomeric state (RIS) calculations to yield configurational properties such as the characteristic ratio, its temperature coefficient, the configurational entropy, and average geometrical parameters of unperturbed PEC and PPC chains. In the RIS calculations on PPC, the regio- and stereosequences were generated according to the Bernoulli trial or Markov stochastic process. In consequence, it was shown that the configurational properties of PPC do not depend significantly on its regio- and stereoregularities. The internal energy contribution to rubberlike chain elasticity, calculated from the temperature coefficient of the characteristic ratio, has indicated the possibility that PEC and PPC will behave as elastomers. The practical applications and potential utilizations of the polycarbonates are discussed on the basis of the conformational characteristics and configurational properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Sasanuma
- E-mail: . Phone: +81 (0)43 290 3394. Fax: +81 (0)43 290
3394
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9
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Pan H, Hao Y, Zhao Y, Lang X, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Zhang H, Dong L. Improved mechanical properties, barrier properties and degradation behavior of poly(butylenes adipate-co-terephthalate)/poly(propylene carbonate) films. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-017-0066-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Enriquez E, Mohanty AK, Misra M. Biobased blends of poly(propylene carbonate) and poly(hydroxybutyrate‐co‐hydroxyvalerate): Fabrication and characterization. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.44420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Enriquez
- School of Engineering, Thornbrough BuildingUniversity of Guelph50 Stone Road EastGuelph OntarioN1G 2W1 Canada
- Bioproducts Discovery and Development Centre (BDDC), Department of Plant Agriculture, Crop Science BuildingUniversity of Guelph50 Stone Road EastGuelph OntarioN1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Amar K. Mohanty
- School of Engineering, Thornbrough BuildingUniversity of Guelph50 Stone Road EastGuelph OntarioN1G 2W1 Canada
- Bioproducts Discovery and Development Centre (BDDC), Department of Plant Agriculture, Crop Science BuildingUniversity of Guelph50 Stone Road EastGuelph OntarioN1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Manjusri Misra
- School of Engineering, Thornbrough BuildingUniversity of Guelph50 Stone Road EastGuelph OntarioN1G 2W1 Canada
- Bioproducts Discovery and Development Centre (BDDC), Department of Plant Agriculture, Crop Science BuildingUniversity of Guelph50 Stone Road EastGuelph OntarioN1G 2W1 Canada
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Yang J, Zhu H, Zhang C, Jiang Q, Zhao Y, Chen P, Wang D. Transesterification induced mechanical properties enhancement of PLLA/PHBV bio-alloy. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Zhang S, Sun X, Ren Z, Li H, Yan S. The development of a bilayer structure of poly(propylene carbonate)/poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) blends from the demixed melt. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:32225-31. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp06076a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A PPC-top and microporous PHB-bottom bilayer film can be prepared from the dimixed PPC/PHB melt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
| | - Xiaoli Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
| | - Zhongjie Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
| | - Huihui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
| | - Shouke Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
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Ma P, Cai X, Wang W, Duan F, Shi D, Lemstra PJ. Crystallization behavior of partially crosslinked poly(β-hydroxyalkonates)/poly(butylene succinate) blends. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.41020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Piming Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education; School of Chemical and Material Engineering; Jiangnan University; Wuxi 214122 China
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry; Laboratory of Polymer Technology; Eindhoven University of Technology; Eindhoven 5612 AZ the Netherlands
| | - Xiaoxia Cai
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry; Laboratory of Polymer Technology; Eindhoven University of Technology; Eindhoven 5612 AZ the Netherlands
- School of Food Science and Technology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Wei Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education; School of Chemical and Material Engineering; Jiangnan University; Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Fang Duan
- The Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education; School of Chemical and Material Engineering; Jiangnan University; Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Dongjian Shi
- The Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education; School of Chemical and Material Engineering; Jiangnan University; Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Piet J. Lemstra
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry; Laboratory of Polymer Technology; Eindhoven University of Technology; Eindhoven 5612 AZ the Netherlands
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Pang S, Xu N, Xu G, Pan L, Lin Q, Wang X. Preparation and properties of 4, 4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate blocking modified poly(propylene carbonate). J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.38345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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Wang W, Cao J, Lan P, Wu W. Drug release from electrospun fibers of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) grafted with poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone). J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.34617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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16
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Javadi A, Srithep Y, Pilla S, Clemons CC, Gong S, Turng LS. Microcellular poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate)-hyperbranched polymer-nanoclay nanocomposites. POLYM ENG SCI 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.21972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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17
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Katsumata K, Saito T, Yu F, Nakamura N, Inoue Y. The toughening effect of a small amount of poly(ɛ-caprolactone) on the mechanical properties of the poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate)/PCL blend. Polym J 2011. [DOI: 10.1038/pj.2011.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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18
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Chan CH, Sulaiman SF, Kammer HW, Sim LH, Harun MK. Thermal properties of epoxidized natural rubber-based polymer blends. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.33384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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19
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Processing and characterization of solid and microcellular PHBV/coir fiber composites. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2010.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Javadi A, Kramschuster AJ, Pilla S, Lee J, Gong S, Turng LS. Processing and characterization of microcellular PHBV/PBAT blends. POLYM ENG SCI 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.21661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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21
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Tao J, Song C, Cao M, Hu D, Liu L, Liu N, Wang S. Thermal properties and degradability of poly(propylene carbonate)/poly(β-hydroxybutyrate-co-β-hydroxyvalerate) (PPC/PHBV) blends. Polym Degrad Stab 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2009.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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Wang W, Zhang Y, Zhu M, Chen Y. Effect of graft modification with poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) on thermal and mechanical properties of poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate). J Appl Polym Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/app.27983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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23
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Pang MZ, Qiao JJ, Jiao J, Wang SJ, Xiao M, Meng YZ. Miscibility and properties of completely biodegradable blends of poly(propylene carbonate) and poly(butylene succinate). J Appl Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/app.27252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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