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Kim DY, Cha JH, Seo KH. Effects of chain extender on properties and foaming behavior of polypropylene foam. RSC Adv 2019; 9:25496-25507. [PMID: 35530111 PMCID: PMC9070091 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra04824c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Polypropylene (PP) foam offers superior thermal and mechanical properties and versatile applications. However, the linear structure of PP hinders the fabrication of a uniform and fine foam, owing to changes in the melt strength with variations in the temperature. The foamability of the material can be improved by fabricating modified PP by introducing long-chain branches by grafting and chain extension reactions, using glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and adipic acid (AA). Adding 5 phr GMA to PP optimizes the graft ratio. AA as a chain extender forms a long-chain branched structure, as confirmed by the melt flow index, morphology, and thermal and dynamic viscoelastic properties. Variations in foaming characteristics according to the AA content, temperature, volume expansion ratio, and oven residence time have also been observed. An optimal volume expansion ratio of ∼14 is obtained at an AA content of 1.5 phr and foaming for 11 min at 240 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Young Kim
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Kyungpook National University Daegu 41566 Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hun Cha
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Kyungpook National University Daegu 41566 Republic of Korea
| | - Kwan Ho Seo
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Kyungpook National University Daegu 41566 Republic of Korea
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2
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Xu M, Chen Y, Liu T, Zhao L, Park CB. Determination of modified polyamide 6's foaming windows by bubble growth simulations based on rheological measurements. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Menglong Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
| | - Yichong Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
| | - Chul B. Park
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial EngineeringUniversity of Toronto 5 King's College Road Toronto M5S 3G8 Ontario Canada
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Zhang Y, Xin C, Wang Z, Mughal W, He Y. The foaming performance evaluation of fibrillated polytetrafluoroethylene and isotactic polypropylene blends. CELLULAR POLYMERS 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/0262489319846785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Polypropylene (PP) foamed products have the advantages of heat and chemical resistance, but it is difficult to foam without modified PP. Traditionally, researchers have used chemical modification to increase the melt strength to improve the foaming properties of PP. In this article, we designed four kinds of screw combinations, and five regions are selected for sampling. The polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and isotactic polypropylene (iPP) were blended by one-step fiber forming method, and then we tested the rheological properties and foaming properties. It is found that the rheological properties of the in situ microfiber composite are significantly improved than the iPP, and the crystallization temperature is also increased. The foaming experiment of the composite showed that the foaming performance of the composite with in situ microfiber morphology was significantly improved compared with the pure iPP performance, and the foaming temperature window of iPP was widened from 3°C to more than 6°C. [Formula: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, China
| | - Chunling Xin
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
- Engineering Research Center for Polymer Processing Equipment, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Zeming Wang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Waqas Mughal
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yadong He
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
- Engineering Research Center for Polymer Processing Equipment, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
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Mohamed ME, Saad GR, Eid AI, Elazabawy OE, Elenien OA, Naoum MM, Abou El-khair MT. Synthesis and characterization of polypropylene grafted with p- hydroxy-N-phenyl maleimide. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-019-1752-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Chen Y, Wan C, Liu T, Chen Z, Qiao Y, Lu J, Yan J, Zhao L, Esseghir M. Evaluation of LLDPE/LDPE blend foamability by in situ rheological measurements and bubble growth simulations. Chem Eng Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2018.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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6
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Jurczuk K, Galeski A, Morawiec J. Effect of poly(tetrafluoroethylene) nanofibers on foaming behavior of linear and branched polypropylenes. Eur Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Zhou Y, Gong W, He L. Application of a novel organic nucleating agent: Cucurbit[6]uril to improve polypropylene injection foaming behavior and their physical properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.44538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Zhou
- The Institute of Materials and Metallurgy of Guizhou University; Guiyang Guizhou China
- The Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Industry of Guizhou University; Guiyang Guizhou China
| | - Wei Gong
- The Institute of Materials and Construction of Guizhou Normal University; Guiyang Guizhou China
| | - Li He
- The Institute of Materials and Metallurgy of Guizhou University; Guiyang Guizhou China
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials; Guiyang Guizhou China
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8
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Li D, Fu D, Yen YC, Benatar A, Peng X, Chiu DY, Lee LJ. Ultrasound-assisted-pressure-induced-flow leading to superior polymer/carbon nanotube composites and foams. POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Mohebbi A, Mighri F, Ajji A, Rodrigue D. Current Issues and Challenges in Polypropylene Foaming: A Review. CELLULAR POLYMERS 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/026248931503400602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Thermoplastic foams have several advantages in comparison with unfoamed polymers such as lightweight, high strength to weight ratio, excellent insulation property, high thermal stability, high impact strength and toughness, as well as high fatigue life. These outstanding properties lead cellular plastics to various industrial applications in packaging, automotive parts, absorbents, and sporting equipment. Nowadays, polypropylene (PP), because of its outstanding characteristics such as low material cost, high service temperature, high melting point, high tensile modulus, low density, and excellent chemical resistance, is a major resin in the foaming industry. However, foaming of conventional PP is limited by its low melt strength leading to poor cell morphology, cell rupture/coalescence and limited density reduction. To improve PP melt strength, several strategies including particle addition as nucleating agent, introduction of long chain branching, blending with high melt strength polymers and crosslinking have been proposed. In this review, these issues are discussed and analyzed in terms of mechanical, thermal, and rheological characterizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolfazl Mohebbi
- CREPEC, Research Center for High Performance Polymer and Composite Systems
- CQMF, Quebec Centre on Functional Materials, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Frej Mighri
- CREPEC, Research Center for High Performance Polymer and Composite Systems
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Abdellah Ajji
- CREPEC, Research Center for High Performance Polymer and Composite Systems
- Department of Chemical Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, C.P. 6079, Montreal, QC, H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Denis Rodrigue
- CREPEC, Research Center for High Performance Polymer and Composite Systems
- CQMF, Quebec Centre on Functional Materials, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
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Liu X, Yu L, Dean K, Toikka G, Bateman S, Nguyen T, Yuan Q, Filippou C. Improving Melt Strength of Polylactic Acid. INT POLYM PROC 2013. [DOI: 10.3139/217.2667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Melt strength of polylactic acid (PLA) was improved through various modifications including grafting, crosslinking, chain extension, blending, plasticizing and nucleation. The results showed that melt strength was increased, to varying degrees, by crosslinking, chain extension and blending. In addition, melt strain (detected by velocity) was increased by chain extension, blending with elastomer, and plasticizing, but was decreased by crosslinking. The molecular weights, thermal properties and viscosity of the modified PLAs were also studied to investigate the causes of the observed variations in melt strength. Viscosity results generally corresponded with that of melt strength, but not with that of melt strain. With the exception of plasticizing and nucleation, the modifications had no significant effect on the thermal properties of PLA. The molecular weight (in particular the extremely large molecules representing by Mz) and the polydispersity of PLA were significantly increased after crosslinking and chain extension, which accounts for the observed increase in melt strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- X. Liu
- Centre for Polymer from Renewable Recourses, SCUT, Guangzhou, PRC
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Clayton South, Australia
| | - L. Yu
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Clayton South, Australia
| | - K. Dean
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Clayton South, Australia
| | - G. Toikka
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Clayton South, Australia
| | - S. Bateman
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Clayton South, Australia
| | - T. Nguyen
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Clayton South, Australia
| | - Q. Yuan
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Clayton South, Australia
| | - C. Filippou
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Clayton South, Australia
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Yu L, Toikka G, Dean K, Bateman S, Yuan Q, Filippou C, Nguyen T. Foaming behaviour and cell structure of poly(lactic acid) after various modifications. POLYM INT 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.4359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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12
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Li DC, Liu T, Zhao L, Yuan WK. Foaming of linear isotactic polypropylene based on its non-isothermal crystallization behaviors under compressed CO2. J Supercrit Fluids 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2011.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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13
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Chaudhary AK, Jayaraman K. Extrusion of linear polypropylene-clay nanocomposite foams. POLYM ENG SCI 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.21961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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14
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Liao R, Yu W, Zhou C. Rheological control in foaming polymeric materials: II. Semi-crystalline polymers. POLYMER 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2010.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Xin C, He Y, Li Q, Huang Y, Yan B, Wang X. Crystallization behavior and foaming properties of polypropylene containing ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene under supercritical carbondioxide. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.30717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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16
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Su FH, Huang HX. Influence of polyfunctional monomer on melt strength and rheology of long-chain branched polypropylene by reactive extrusion. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.31738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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17
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Su FH, Huang HX. Rheology and thermal properties of polypropylene modified by reactive extrusion with dicumyl peroxide and trimethylol propane triacrylate. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/adv.20146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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18
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Su FH, Huang HX. Rheology and melt strength of long chain branching polypropylene prepared by reactive extrusion with various peroxides. POLYM ENG SCI 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.21544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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19
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Bhattacharya S, Gupta RK, Jollands M, Bhattacharya SN. Foaming behavior of high-melt strength polypropylene/clay nanocomposites. POLYM ENG SCI 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.21343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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20
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Sun F, Fu Z, Xu J, Deng Q, Fan Z. Characterization of a Poly(propylene-g-styrene) Graft Copolymer by Temperature Rising Elution Fractionation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF POLYMER ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10236660903031322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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21
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Li S, Xiao M, Zheng S, Xiao H, Guan Y, Zheng A. The characterization of rheological properties of melt grafting polypropylene for foaming. Polym Bull (Berl) 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-009-0069-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Zhai W, Wang H, Yu J, Dong J, He J. Cell coalescence suppressed by crosslinking structure in polypropylene microcellular foaming. POLYM ENG SCI 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.21095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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23
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Foaming behavior of isotactic polypropylene in supercritical CO2 influenced by phase morphology via chain grafting. POLYMER 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2008.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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