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Zając A, Sąsiadek W, Dymińska L, Ropuszyńska-Robak P, Hanuza J, Ptak M, Smółka S, Lisiecki R, Skrzypczak K. Chitosan and Its Carboxymethyl-Based Membranes Produced by Crosslinking with Magnesium Phytate. Molecules 2023; 28:5987. [PMID: 37630242 PMCID: PMC10459599 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28165987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Membranes produced by crosslinking chitosan with magnesium phytate were prepared using highly deacetylated chitosan and its N-carboxymethyl, O-carboxymethyl and N,O-carboxymethyl derivatives. The conditions of the membrane production were described. IR, Raman, electron absorption and emission spectra were measured and analyzed for all the substrates. It was found that O-carboxymethyl chitosan derivative is the most effectively crosslinked by magnesium phytate, and the films formed on this substrate exhibit good mechanical parameters of strength, resistance and stability. Strong O-H···O hydrogen bonds proved to be responsible for an effective crosslinking process. Newly discovered membrane types produced from chitosan and magnesium phytate were characterized as morphologically homogenous and uniform by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and IR measurements. Due to their good covering properties, they do not have pores or channels and are proposed as packaging materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Zając
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Production Engineering, Wroclaw University of Economics and Business, 118-120 Komandorska Str., 53-345 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Wojciech Sąsiadek
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Production Engineering, Wroclaw University of Economics and Business, 118-120 Komandorska Str., 53-345 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Lucyna Dymińska
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Production Engineering, Wroclaw University of Economics and Business, 118-120 Komandorska Str., 53-345 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Paulina Ropuszyńska-Robak
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Production Engineering, Wroclaw University of Economics and Business, 118-120 Komandorska Str., 53-345 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jerzy Hanuza
- Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, 2 Okólna Str., 50-422 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Maciej Ptak
- Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, 2 Okólna Str., 50-422 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Szymon Smółka
- Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, 2 Okólna Str., 50-422 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Radosław Lisiecki
- Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, 2 Okólna Str., 50-422 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Skrzypczak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, 27 Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego Str., 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
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2
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Lyophilic and Sorption Properties of Chitosan Aerogels Modified with Copolymers Based on Glycidyl Methacrylate and Alkyl Methacrylates. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14132711. [PMID: 35808755 PMCID: PMC9269006 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper discusses the influence of the structure of copolymers based on glycidyl methacrylate and alkyl methacrylates with C6–C18 hydrocarbon side groups on the wettability and sorption properties of surface-modified chitosan aerogels. The grafting of copolymers onto the surface of aerogels was confirmed by elemental analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. As a result of the modification, with an increase in the amount of the hydrocarbon substituent alkyl methacrylate, the surface of the resulting materials became hydrophobic with contact angles in the range of 146–157°. At the same time, the water absorption of the aerogels decreased by a factor of 30 compared to that for unmodified aerogels, while the sorption capacity for light oil, diesel fuel, and synthetic motor oil remained at the level of more than 30 g/g. Chitosan aerogels with grafted copolymers based on glycidyl methacrylate and alkyl methacrylates retain biodegradation capacity; however, compared to unmodified chitosan, this process has an induction period.
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Hou J, Yan X. Preparation of chitosan-SiO 2 nanoparticles by ultrasonic treatment and its effect on the properties of starch film. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 189:271-278. [PMID: 34437916 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The ultrasonic treatment could decrease the particles size of chitosan-SiO2 particles. The EDS of samples with ultrasonic treatment for 0 min and 10 min indicated that the SiO2 was present in prepared chitosan-SiO2 particles. When the ultrasonic time reached 10 min, the chitosan-SiO2 nanoparticles formed and the mean size was 506.7 ± 3.42 nm and the Zeta potential of the chitosan-SiO2 nanoparticles was greater than 30 mV, showing the suspension was a stable dispersed liquid. The chitosan-SiO2 nanoparticles were used as reinforcement in thermoplastic starch films to further verify their performance in enhanced films. The water contact angle of thermoplastic starch film reinforced with chitosan-SiO2 nanoparticles was 44.13 ± 5.02° and had a good mechanical property with tensile strength of 8.91 ± 0.49 MPa. This study indicates that chitosan-SiO2 nanoparticles could be used as a reinforcement to prepare thermoplastic starch films and promote the application of chitosan nanoparticles in nanocomposite films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jumin Hou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Changchun University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Xiaoxia Yan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
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Zhang Z, Zhou X, Wang D, Fang C, Zhang W, Wang C, Huang Z. Lysozyme-based composite membranes and their potential application for active packaging. FOOD BIOSCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2021.101078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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5
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Mora-Boza A, López-Ruiz E, López-Donaire ML, Jiménez G, Aguilar MR, Marchal JA, Pedraz JL, Vázquez-Lasa B, Román JS, Gálvez-Martín P. Evaluation of Glycerylphytate Crosslinked Semi- and Interpenetrated Polymer Membranes of Hyaluronic Acid and Chitosan for Tissue Engineering. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2661. [PMID: 33187239 PMCID: PMC7697555 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, semi- and interpenetrated polymer network (IPN) systems based on hyaluronic acid (HA) and chitosan using ionic crosslinking of chitosan with a bioactive crosslinker, glycerylphytate (G1Phy), and UV irradiation of methacrylate were developed, characterized and evaluated as potential supports for tissue engineering. Semi- and IPN systems showed significant differences between them regarding composition, morphology, and mechanical properties after physicochemical characterization. Dual crosslinking process of IPN systems enhanced HA retention and mechanical properties, providing also flatter and denser surfaces in comparison to semi-IPN membranes. The biological performance was evaluated on primary human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and the systems revealed no cytotoxic effect. The excellent biocompatibility of the systems was demonstrated by large spreading areas of hMSCs on hydrogel membrane surfaces. Cell proliferation increased over time for all the systems, being significantly enhanced in the semi-IPN, which suggested that these polymeric membranes could be proposed as an effective promoter system of tissue repair. In this sense, the developed crosslinked biomimetic and biodegradable membranes can provide a stable and amenable environment for hMSCs support and growth with potential applications in the biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Mora-Boza
- Institute of Polymer Science and Technology, ICTP-CSIC, C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (A.M.-B.); (M.R.A.); (J.S.R.)
- CIBER-BBN, Health Institute Carlos III, C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabellón 11, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Elena López-Ruiz
- Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine Institute (IBIMER), Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Granada, E-18100 Granada, Spain; (E.L.-R.); (G.J.); (J.A.M.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), University Hospitals of Granada University of Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
- Excellence Research Unit “Modeling Nature” (MNat), University of Granada, E-18016 Granada, Spain
| | - María Luisa López-Donaire
- Institute of Polymer Science and Technology, ICTP-CSIC, C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (A.M.-B.); (M.R.A.); (J.S.R.)
- CIBER-BBN, Health Institute Carlos III, C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabellón 11, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Gema Jiménez
- Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine Institute (IBIMER), Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Granada, E-18100 Granada, Spain; (E.L.-R.); (G.J.); (J.A.M.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), University Hospitals of Granada University of Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
- Excellence Research Unit “Modeling Nature” (MNat), University of Granada, E-18016 Granada, Spain
| | - María Rosa Aguilar
- Institute of Polymer Science and Technology, ICTP-CSIC, C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (A.M.-B.); (M.R.A.); (J.S.R.)
- CIBER-BBN, Health Institute Carlos III, C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabellón 11, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Juan Antonio Marchal
- Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine Institute (IBIMER), Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Granada, E-18100 Granada, Spain; (E.L.-R.); (G.J.); (J.A.M.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), University Hospitals of Granada University of Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain
- Excellence Research Unit “Modeling Nature” (MNat), University of Granada, E-18016 Granada, Spain
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, E-18016 Granada, Spain
| | - José Luis Pedraz
- CIBER-BBN, Health Institute Carlos III, C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabellón 11, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), School of Pharmacy, Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Blanca Vázquez-Lasa
- Institute of Polymer Science and Technology, ICTP-CSIC, C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (A.M.-B.); (M.R.A.); (J.S.R.)
- CIBER-BBN, Health Institute Carlos III, C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabellón 11, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Julio San Román
- Institute of Polymer Science and Technology, ICTP-CSIC, C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (A.M.-B.); (M.R.A.); (J.S.R.)
- CIBER-BBN, Health Institute Carlos III, C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabellón 11, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
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Chrzanowska E, Gierszewska M, Kujawa J, Raszkowska-Kaczor A, Kujawski W. Development and Characterization of Polyamide-Supported Chitosan Nanocomposite Membranes for Hydrophilic Pervaporation. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10080868. [PMID: 30960793 PMCID: PMC6403665 DOI: 10.3390/polym10080868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An experimental protocol of preparation of homogeneous and nanocomposite chitosan (Ch) based membranes supported on polyamide-6 (PA6) films was developed and described in detail. Montmorillonite (MMT) and Cloisite 30B (C30B) nanoclays were used as nanofillers to improve mechanical properties of chitosan films. The surface, mechanical, and transport properties of PA6 supported Ch, Ch/MMT and Ch/C30B membranes were studied and compared with a pristine, non-supported chitosan membrane. Implementation of advanced analytical techniques e.g., SEM reveal the clays nanoparticles are well dispersed in the chitosan matrix. According to AFM images, composite chitosan/nanoclay membranes possess higher roughness compared with unfilled ones. On the other hand, an incorporation of clay particles insignificantly changed the mechanical and thermal properties of the membranes. It was also found that all membranes are hydrophilic and water is preferentially removed from EtOH/H₂O and iPrOH/H₂O mixtures by pervaporation. Supporting of chitosan and chitosan/nanoclay thin films onto PA6 porous substrate enhanced permeate flux and pervaporation separation index, in comparison to the pristine Ch membrane. Concerning separation factor (β), the highest value equal to 4500 has been found for a chitosan composite membrane containing Cloisite 30B contacting 85/15 wt % iPrOH/H₂O mixture. The mentioned membrane was characterized by the normalized flux of 0.5 μm·kg·m-2·h-1. Based on the established data, it was possible to conclude that chitosan membranes are meaningful material in dehydration of azeotropic mixtures. Nevertheless, to boost up the membrane efficiency, the further modification process is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Chrzanowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 7 Gagarina Street, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Gierszewska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 7 Gagarina Street, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
| | - Joanna Kujawa
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 7 Gagarina Street, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
| | - Aneta Raszkowska-Kaczor
- Institute for Engineering of Polymer Materials and Dyes, 55 Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie Street, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
| | - Wojciech Kujawski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 7 Gagarina Street, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
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Gierszewska M, Ostrowska-Czubenko J. Chitosan-based membranes with different ionic crosslinking density for pharmaceutical and industrial applications. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 153:501-511. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.07.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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8
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Chen L, Liu K, Ye JR, Shen Q. Controlled formation of surface hydrophilicity enhanced chitosan film by layer-by-layer electro-assembly. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2015; 56:518-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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9
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Almeida CR, Serra T, Oliveira MI, Planell JA, Barbosa MA, Navarro M. Impact of 3-D printed PLA- and chitosan-based scaffolds on human monocyte/macrophage responses: unraveling the effect of 3-D structures on inflammation. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:613-22. [PMID: 24211731 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have pointed towards a decisive role of inflammation in triggering tissue repair and regeneration, while at the same time it is accepted that an exacerbated inflammatory response may lead to rejection of an implant. Within this context, understanding and having the capacity to regulate the inflammatory response elicited by 3-D scaffolds aimed for tissue regeneration is crucial. This work reports on the analysis of the cytokine profile of human monocytes/macrophages in contact with biodegradable 3-D scaffolds with different surface properties, architecture and controlled pore geometry, fabricated by 3-D printing technology. Fabrication processes were optimized to create four different 3-D platforms based on polylactic acid (PLA), PLA/calcium phosphate glass or chitosan. Cytokine secretion and cell morphology of human peripheral blood monocytes allowed to differentiate on the different matrices were analyzed. While all scaffolds supported monocyte/macrophage adhesion and stimulated cytokine production, striking differences between PLA-based and chitosan scaffolds were found, with chitosan eliciting increased secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, while PLA-based scaffolds induced higher production of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-12/23 and IL-10. Even though the material itself induced the biggest differences, the scaffold geometry also impacted on TNF-α and IL-12/23 production, with chitosan scaffolds having larger pores and wider angles leading to a higher secretion of these pro-inflammatory cytokines. These findings strengthen the appropriateness of these 3-D platforms to study modulation of macrophage responses by specific parameters (chemistry, topography, scaffold architecture).
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10
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Xu Z, Neoh KG, Lin CC, Kishen A. Biomimetic deposition of calcium phosphate minerals on the surface of partially demineralized dentine modified with phosphorylated chitosan. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2011; 98:150-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.31844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Revised: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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11
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López-Pérez PM, da Silva RMP, Serra C, Pashkuleva I, Reis RL. Surface phosphorylation of chitosan significantly improves osteoblastcell viability, attachment and proliferation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/b911854c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Anti-adhesion and antiproliferative cellulose triacetate membrane for prevention of biomaterial-centred infections associated with Staphylococcus epidermidis. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2009; 35:164-8. [PMID: 19942411 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2009.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2009] [Revised: 08/30/2009] [Accepted: 09/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The initial step in preventing biomaterial-associated infections consists of preventing bacterial adhesion to the device surface. One possible approach is the design of antibiotic-releasing biomaterials. Cellulose triacetate (CTA) membranes with the antibiotic imipenem (IPM) entrapped (CTA-IPM) were prepared. The material was characterised in terms of surface morphology by scanning electron microscopy, surface free energy of interaction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Antibiotic release studies were also performed. In vitro adhesion of Staphylococcus epidermidis RP62A to CTA-IPM was investigated using a modified microtitre plate assay, and the antibacterial activity of the CTA-IPM membrane was assessed by a modified Kirby-Bauer test, which showed effective entrapment of the antibiotic as confirmed by XPS and hydrophilicity assays. Release studies showed that this drug-polymer conjugate serves as an adequate reservoir for sustained release of IPM over a period of 71h at an effective bacteriostatic concentration. Moreover, bacterial adhesion tests showed a statistically significant decrease in the adhesion of S. epidermidis RP62A to CTA-IPM compared with its adhesion to CTA alone. The present innovative approach is capable of providing a membrane with anti-adhesive and antiproliferative properties, thus encouraging in vivo studies to provide a better simulation of the clinical situation.
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Kim S, Liu Y, Gaber MW, Bumgardner JD, Haggard WO, Yang Y. Development of chitosan-ellagic acid films as a local drug delivery system to induce apoptotic death of human melanoma cells. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2009; 90:145-55. [PMID: 18985785 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.31266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to develop a local chemotherapy device using chitosan as a local drug carrier and ellagic acid (EA) as an anticancer drug. We fabricated chitosan-ellagic acid (Ch-EA) films with concentrations of 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, and 1% (w/v) of EA and examined the films using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and contact angle measurement. The WM115 human melanoma cell line as a skin cancer model was used to evaluate cell response to the films with the MTS assay and apoptosis assay, and HS68 human newborn fibroblast cell line as a control. With the increase in the concentration of the EA, the composite films exhibit increasing amide and ester groups and diffraction peaks of the crystallized EA and greater surface roughness and hydrophilicity. The chitosan films with 0.5 and 1% (w/v) of EA were found to have a potent antiproliferative effect on the melanoma cells by inducing apoptotic cell death. Localized effect of composites on cell behaviors has been clearly demonstrated. Our study demonstrated that the novel Ch-EA film can be potentially used in local chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungwoo Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 31863, USA
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14
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Kudryavtsev IY, Nifant’ev EE. Phosphorylation of chitosan with hexamethylphosphorous triamide. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363209010253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Cunha AG, Fernandes SCM, Freire CSR, Silvestre AJD, Neto CP, Gandini A. What Is the Real Value of Chitosan’s Surface Energy? Biomacromolecules 2008; 9:610-4. [DOI: 10.1021/bm701199g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana G. Cunha
- CICECO and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Susana C. M. Fernandes
- CICECO and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carmen S. R. Freire
- CICECO and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Armando J. D. Silvestre
- CICECO and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carlos Pascoal Neto
- CICECO and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Alessandro Gandini
- CICECO and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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