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Li H, Wang S, Zhang X, Wu H, Wang Y, Zhou N, Zhao Z, Wang C, Zhang X, Wang X, Li C. Synthesis and Characterization of an Environmentally Friendly Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin Modified with Waste Plant Protein. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2975. [PMID: 37447620 DOI: 10.3390/polym15132975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
To develop a lower-cost, excellent-performance, and environmentally friendly phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin, soybean meal was used to modify PF resin, and soybean meal-phenol-formaldehyde (SMPF) resins were prepared. This reveals the effect of soybean meal on the structural, bonding, and curing properties of PF resin, which are very important for its applications in the wood industry. The resins' physicochemical properties and curing performance were investigated, showing that SMPF resins have higher curing temperatures than PF resin. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results indicated that a cross-linking reaction occurred between the amino groups of soybean protein and the hydroxymethyl phenol. Moreover, with the addition of soybean meal, the viscosity of SMPF increased while the gel time decreased. It is worth mentioning that SMPF-2 resin has favorable viscosity, short gel time, low curing temperature (135.78 °C), and high water resistance and bonding strength (1.01 MPa). Finally, all the plywoods bonded with SMPF resins have good water resistance and bonding strength, which could meet the standard (GB/T 17657-2013, type I) for plywood. The optimized SMPF resins showed the potential for application to partially replace PF resin in the wood industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyin Li
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Sen Wang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Hao Wu
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yujie Wang
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Na Zhou
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Zijie Zhao
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Chao Wang
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xiaofan Zhang
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Bureau of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Luanchuan County, Luoyang 471500, China
| | - Xian Wang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Cheng Li
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
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Town JS, Gao Y, Hancox E, Liarou E, Shegiwal A, Atkins CJ, Haddleton D. Automatic peak assignment and visualisation of copolymer mass spectrometry data using the 'genetic algorithm'. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34 Suppl 2:e8654. [PMID: 31721321 PMCID: PMC7507196 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Copolymer analysis is vitally important as the materials have a wide variety of applications due to their tunable properties. Processing mass spectrometry data for copolymer samples can be very complex due to the increase in the number of species when the polymer chains are formed by two or more monomeric units. In this paper, we describe the use of the genetic algorithm for automated peak assignment of copolymers synthesised by a variety of polymerisation methods. We find that in using this method we are able to easily assign copolymer spectra in a few minutes and visualise them into heat maps. These heat maps allow us to look qualitatively at the distribution of the chains, by showing how they alter with different polymerisation techniques, and by changing the initial copolymer composition. This methodology is simple to use and requires little user input, which makes it well suited for use by less expert users. The data outputted by the automatic assignment may also allow for more complex data processing in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S. Town
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of WarwickWarwick, UK
| | - Yuqui Gao
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of WarwickWarwick, UK
| | - Ellis Hancox
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of WarwickWarwick, UK
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Cao M, Li T, Liang J, Wu Z, Zhou X, Du G. A 13C-NMR Study on the 1,3-Dimethylolurea-Phenol Co-Condensation Reaction: A Model for Amino-Phenolic Co-Condensed Resin Synthesis. Polymers (Basel) 2016; 8:E391. [PMID: 30974669 PMCID: PMC6432414 DOI: 10.3390/polym8110391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The reactions of di-hydroxymethylurea with phenol under alkaline (pH = 10), weak (pH = 6) and strong acidic (pH = 2) conditions were investigated via the 13C-NMR method. Based on the proposed reaction mechanisms, the variations of the structures of different condensed products were analyzed and the competitive relationship between self- and co-condensation reactions was elucidated. The required experimental conditions for co-condensations were clearly pointed out. The main conclusions include: (1) the self-condensation between urea formaldehyde (UF) or phenol formaldehyde (PF) monomers were dominant while the co-condensations were very limited under alkaline conditions. This is because the intermediates produced from urea, methylolurea and phenol are less reactive in co-condensations with respect to self-condensations; (2) under weak acidic conditions, the self-condensations occurred exclusively among the UF monomers. The co-condensation structures were not observed; and (3) the co-condensations became much more competitive under strong acidic conditions as the relative content of the co-condensed methylenic carbon accounts for 53.3%. This result can be rationalized by the high reactivity of the methylolphenol carbocation intermediate toward urea and methylolurea. The revealed reaction selectivity and mechanisms may also be applied to the synthesis of those more complex co-condensed adhesives based on natural phenolic and amino compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Cao
- The Yunnan Province Key Lab of Wood Adhesives and Glued Products, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China.
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Taohong Li
- The Yunnan Province Key Lab of Wood Adhesives and Glued Products, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China.
| | - Jiankun Liang
- The Yunnan Province Key Lab of Wood Adhesives and Glued Products, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China.
| | - Zhigang Wu
- The Yunnan Province Key Lab of Wood Adhesives and Glued Products, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China.
| | - Xiaojian Zhou
- The Yunnan Province Key Lab of Wood Adhesives and Glued Products, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China.
| | - Guanben Du
- The Yunnan Province Key Lab of Wood Adhesives and Glued Products, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China.
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
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Song Z, Ren D, Fu J, Liu Y, Wang T, Jin F, Huo Z. Selective Phenol Production by Hydrothermal Dehydrogenation of Cyclohexanone over Pd/C without External Oxygen and Hydrogen. ChemistrySelect 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201600527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Song
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering; the State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Dezhang Ren
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering; the State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Jun Fu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering; the State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Yunjie Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering; the State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Tian Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering; the State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Fangming Jin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering; the State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Zhibao Huo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering; the State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 China
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Study on the Soy Protein-Based Wood Adhesive Modified by Hydroxymethyl Phenol. Polymers (Basel) 2016; 8:polym8070256. [PMID: 30974533 PMCID: PMC6432456 DOI: 10.3390/polym8070256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To explain the reason why using phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin improves the water resistance of soy-based adhesive, the performance of soy-based adhesive cross-linked with hydroxymethyl phenol (HPF) and the reaction between HPF and a common dipeptide N-(2)-l-alanyl-l-glutamine (AG) being used as a model compound were studied in this paper. The DSC and DMA results indicated the reaction between HPF and soy-based adhesive. The soy-based adhesive cross-linked with HPF cured at a lower temperature than the adhesive without HPF. The former showed better mechanical performance and heat resistance than the latter. The ESI-MS, FT-IR and 13C-NMR results proved the reaction between HPF and AG. Because of the existence of branched ether groups in the 13C-NMR results of HPF/AG, the reaction between HPF and AG might mainly happened between hydroxymethyl groups and amino groups under a basic condition.
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Fan D, Chang J, Li J, Mao A, Zhang L. 13C-NMR study on the structure of phenol-urea-formaldehyde resins prepared by methylolureas and phenol. J Appl Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/app.29532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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