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Yi HL, Hua CC. PBTTT-C 16 sol-gel transition by rod associations and networking. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:8022-8031. [PMID: 31565725 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm01362h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A low-molecular-weight poly(2,5-bis(3-hexadecylthiophen-2-yl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene) (designated as Lw-pBTTT-C16) in a fair solvent (chlorobenzene, CB) displays peculiar structural, mechanical, and electronic features during sol-gel transition. Using comprehensive (multiscale) dynamic/static analysis schemes, the Lw-pBTTT-C16/CB solution (10 mg mL-1) is shown to capitalize on rod associations and networking to form a gel, in stark contrast with its high-molecular-weight companion previously reported to form gels through hierarchical colloidal bridging. The present study reveals, however, that the molecular weight of pBTTT-C16 has a subtle impact on the gelation behaviors through the rarely recognized, contrasting supramolecular conformations (rod-like vs. wormlike) of the aggregate clusters fostered in the pristine solution. The ac conductivity nearly doubles as a result of improved (mesoscale) packing of cylindrical aggregates near the gel state as well as enhanced backbone rigidity of the constituting chains. Other distinguishing features include: (1) there is no real crossover of the dynamic moduli (G' and G'') upon increasing the temperature from gel (T = 15 °C) to solution (T = 80 °C) states. (2) The gel is about a hundredfold softer in dynamic modulus, yet more resilient with a fivefold increase in the yield strain. Both viscoelastic features are expected to greatly benefit the gel processability. (3) The coexistent microgels and cylinder (aggregate) bundles form a peculiar gel network that has not been reported previously with polymer or colloidal gels. The overall findings provide new mechanistic insight into the phenomenological effects of molecular weight for the pBTTT-Cn series in solution, sol, gel, and thin film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Liou Yi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan.
| | - Chi-Chung Hua
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan.
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2
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Yi HL, Hua CC. PBTTT-C 16 sol-gel transition by hierarchical colloidal bridging. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:1270-1280. [PMID: 29367967 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm02493b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A versatile conjugated polymer, poly(2,5-bis(3-hexadecyllthiophen-2-yl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene) (pBTTT-C16, with Mw = 61 309 g mol-1), in a relatively good solvent (chlorobenzene, CB) medium is shown to produce gels through hierarchical colloidal bridging. Multiscale static/dynamic light and X-ray scattering analysis schemes along with complementary microscopy imaging techniques clearly reveal that upon cooling from the solution state at 80 °C to various gelation temperatures (5, 10, and 15 °C), rod-like colloidal pBTTT-C16 aggregates morph into spherical ones, triggering hierarchical colloid formation and bridging that eventually turn the solution into a gel after about one-day aging. A certain fraction of primal packing units-spherical gelators (∼1 nm in mean radius)-constitute the spherical building particles (∼10 nm) noted above, which in turn constitute loose-packing aggregate clusters (∼300 nm) in the sol state. As gelation proceeds, the aggregate cluster interiors tighten substantially, and micrometer-sized clusters (∼3 μm) formed by them begin to take shape and further interconnect to form the gel network (mean porosity size ∼240 nm and spatial inhomogeneity length ∼20 μm). Rheological measurements and kinetic analysis reveal that the gelation temperature can also have a notable impact on gel microstructure, gelation rate, and mechanical strength, resulting in, for instance, a prominently nonergodic and porous structure for the soft gel incubated at a higher temperature T = 15 °C. The ac conductivity exhibits a notable upturn near pBTTT-C16/CB gelation, well above those achieved by the counterpart pBTTT-C14 solutions, which, in interesting contrast, cannot be brought to the gel phase under similar experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Liou Yi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan.
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Richards JJ, Whittle CL, Shao G, Pozzo LD. Correlating structure and photocurrent for composite semiconducting nanoparticles with contrast variation small-angle neutron scattering and photoconductive atomic force microscopy. ACS NANO 2014; 8:4313-4324. [PMID: 24707810 DOI: 10.1021/nn405914g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous dispersions of semiconducting nanoparticles have shown promise as a robust and scalable platform for the production of efficient polymer/fullerene active layers in organic photovoltaic applications. Semiconducting nanoparticles are a composite of both an n-type and p-type semiconductor contained within a single nanoparticle. In order to realize efficient organic solar cells from these materials, there is a need to understand how the size and internal distribution of materials within each nanoparticle contributes to photocurrent generation in a nanoparticle-derived device. Therefore, characterizing the internal distribution of conjugated polymer and fullerene within the dispersion is the first step to improving performance. To date, study of polymer/fullerene structure within these nanoparticles has been limited to microscopy techniques of deposited nanoparticles. In this work, we use contrast variation with small-angle neutron scattering to determine the internal distribution of poly(3-hexylthiophene) and [6,6]phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester inside the composite nanoparticles as a function of formulation while in dispersion. On the basis of these measurements, we connect the formulation of these nanoparticles with their internal structure. Using electrostatic deposited monolayers of these nanoparticles, we characterize intrinsic charge generation using photoconductive atomic force microscopy and correlate this with structures determined from small-angle neutron scattering measurements. These techniques combined show that the best performing composite nanoparticles are those that have a uniform distribution of conjugated polymer and fullerene throughout the nanoparticle volume such that electrons and holes are easily transported out of the particle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Richards
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Washington , Seattle Washington 98195, United States
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Babu SS, Praveen VK, Ajayaghosh A. Functional π-gelators and their applications. Chem Rev 2014; 114:1973-2129. [PMID: 24400783 DOI: 10.1021/cr400195e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1220] [Impact Index Per Article: 122.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sukumaran Santhosh Babu
- Photosciences and Photonics Group, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST) , Trivandrum 695019, India
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Tremel K, Ludwigs S. Morphology of P3HT in Thin Films in Relation to Optical and Electrical Properties. P3HT REVISITED – FROM MOLECULAR SCALE TO SOLAR CELL DEVICES 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/12_2014_288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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6
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Structure and Morphology Control in Thin Films of Conjugated Polymers for an Improved Charge Transport. Polymers (Basel) 2013. [DOI: 10.3390/polym5041272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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7
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Formation of star-like and linear nanofibers via controlled crystallization of poly(3-dodecylthiophene). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.23328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Lee WH, Kyu Lee S, Suk Shin W, Moon SJ, Kang IN. Synthesis and characterization of regioregular poly(3-dodecyltellurophene). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.26688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Hyung Lee
- Department of Chemistry; The Catholic University of Korea; Bucheon Gyeonggi-do 420-743 Korea
| | - Sang Kyu Lee
- Energy Materials Research Center; Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT); 100 Jang-dong, Yuseong-gu Daejeon 305-343 Korea
| | - Won Suk Shin
- Energy Materials Research Center; Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT); 100 Jang-dong, Yuseong-gu Daejeon 305-343 Korea
| | - Sang-Jin Moon
- Energy Materials Research Center; Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT); 100 Jang-dong, Yuseong-gu Daejeon 305-343 Korea
| | - In-Nam Kang
- Department of Chemistry; The Catholic University of Korea; Bucheon Gyeonggi-do 420-743 Korea
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Newbloom GM, Weigandt KM, Pozzo DC. Electrical, Mechanical, and Structural Characterization of Self-Assembly in Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Organogel Networks. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma202564k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M. Newbloom
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Box 351750, Seattle, Washington 98195-1750,
United States
| | - Katie M. Weigandt
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Box 351750, Seattle, Washington 98195-1750,
United States
| | - Danilo C. Pozzo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Box 351750, Seattle, Washington 98195-1750,
United States
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Sobkowicz MJ, Jones RL, Kline RJ, DeLongchamp DM. Effect of Fullerenes on Crystallization-Induced Aggregation in Polymer Photovoltaics Casting Solutions. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma202083q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret J. Sobkowicz
- Polymers
Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, Maryland
20899, United States
| | - Ronald L. Jones
- Polymers
Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, Maryland
20899, United States
| | - R. Joseph Kline
- Polymers
Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, Maryland
20899, United States
| | - Dean M. DeLongchamp
- Polymers
Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, Maryland
20899, United States
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Richards JJ, Weigandt KM, Pozzo DC. Aqueous dispersions of colloidal poly(3-hexylthiophene) gel particles with high internal porosity. J Colloid Interface Sci 2011; 364:341-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2011.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Revised: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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12
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Brinkmann M. Structure and morphology control in thin films of regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.22310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Xu W, Li L, Tang H, Li H, Zhao X, Yang X. Solvent-Induced Crystallization of Poly(3-dodecylthiophene): Morphology and Kinetics. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:6412-20. [DOI: 10.1021/jp201044b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Xu
- Polymer Composites Engineering Laboratory, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Str. 5625, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Str. 5625, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Ligui Li
- Polymer Composites Engineering Laboratory, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Str. 5625, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Str. 5625, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Haowei Tang
- Polymer Composites Engineering Laboratory, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Str. 5625, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Str. 5625, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Li
- Polymer Composites Engineering Laboratory, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Str. 5625, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Str. 5625, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoli Zhao
- Polymer Composites Engineering Laboratory, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Str. 5625, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Str. 5625, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoniu Yang
- Polymer Composites Engineering Laboratory, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Str. 5625, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Str. 5625, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
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Different structures and crystallinities of poly(3-hexylthiophene) films prepared from aged solutions. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2011.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Xue L, Gao X, Zhao K, Liu J, Yu X, Han Y. The formation of different structures of poly(3-hexylthiophene) film on a patterned substrate by dip coating from aged solution. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 21:145303. [PMID: 20215657 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/21/14/145303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Different local morphologies of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT, M(w) = 87,000 and 30,000-40,000 g mol(- 1)) are grown on a patterned substrate, which is composed of octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS area) stripes on a silicon wafer (SiO(x) area), via dip coating from the aged solutions. Bundles of P3HT (M(w) = 87,000 g mol(- 1)) nanorods on the SiO(x) area and long nanofibrillar crystals on the OTS area are generated simultaneously from the one-day-aged 1 mg ml(- 1) solution, while oriented P3HT (M(w) = 30,000-40,000 g mol(- 1)) nanofibrillar crystals parallel to the long axis of the OTS pattern form on the OTS area from the seven-days-aged solution (1 mg ml(- 1)). Different dimensional sizes of the P3HT aggregate in the toluene solution upon aging and the flow of the solution from SiO(x) to the OTS area, on which the receding contact angle is larger than that on the SiO(x) area, determines the local structures of the P3HT film on the patterned substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longjian Xue
- State Key Lab of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, People's Republic of China
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Zhao K, Xue L, Liu J, Gao X, Wu S, Han Y, Geng Y. A new method to improve poly(3-hexyl thiophene) (P3HT) crystalline behavior: decreasing chains entanglement to promote order-disorder transformation in solution. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:471-477. [PMID: 19894680 DOI: 10.1021/la903381f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We promoted order-disorder transformation of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) in solution by ultrasonic oscillation which substantially improved crystallinity in its pure film. P3HT with low molecular weight (M(w)) dispersed very well in p-xylene solvent and few aggregates generated in the solution. For P3HT with high M(w), the results suggested the coexistence of two phases: disordered coils in solution and ordered microcrystals in suspension. Upon ultrasonic oscillating, more ordered precursors generated in solution due to increased self-assembly from disordered to ordered configuration, which resulting from decreased extent of chains entanglement existing in high molecular system, and red shift at absorption maximum and growing intensity of the pi-pi* absorption at ca. 604 nm were observed in solution. The films prepared from the oscillated solution then showed increased degree of crystallinity, pi-pi interactions and homogeneously distributed nanofibrils, which should be attributed to the ordered precursors constructed in solution. Furthermore, the best crystallinity of the film was obtained at the oscillating time of 4 min, showing the equilibrium state between the increased content of crystalline molecules and the shortened crystalline length. This simple method paves the way for the decreasing chains entanglement during crystallizing process of conjugated polymer in solution, and it enriches the ways to improve crystalline order in thin films comprising crystallizable polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
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Koppe M, Brabec CJ, Heiml S, Schausberger A, Duffy W, Heeney M, McCulloch I. Influence of Molecular Weight Distribution on the Gelation of P3HT and Its Impact on the Photovoltaic Performance. Macromolecules 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ma9005445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Koppe
- Konarka Technologies GmbH, Altenbergerstrasse 69, A-4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Christoph J. Brabec
- Konarka Technologies GmbH, Altenbergerstrasse 69, A-4040 Linz, Austria
- Konarka Technologies GmbH, Landgrabenstrasse 94, D-90443 Nürnberg, Germany
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Kuila BK, Nandi AK. Poly(3-dodecyl thiophene)-Organically modified montmorillonite clay nanocomposites: Influence of chain regioregularity and preparation condition on physical, mechanical, optical, and conductivity properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/app.29074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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19
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Oosterbaan WD, Vrindts V, Berson S, Guillerez S, Douhéret O, Ruttens B, D'Haen J, Adriaensens P, Manca J, Lutsen L, Vanderzande D. Efficient formation, isolation and characterization of poly(3-alkylthiophene) nanofibres: probing order as a function of side-chain length. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b900670b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Hoth CN, Choulis SA, Schilinsky P, Brabec CJ. On the effect of poly(3-hexylthiophene) regioregularity on inkjet printed organic solar cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b823495g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Samitsu S, Shimomura T, Heike S, Hashizume T, Ito K. Effective Production of Poly(3-alkylthiophene) Nanofibers by means of Whisker Method using Anisole Solvent: Structural, Optical, and Electrical Properties. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma801128v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sadaki Samitsu
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5-603 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan, Advanced Research Laboratory, Hitachi, Ltd., Hatoyama 350-0395, Japan, Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro 152-8550, Japan, and WPI Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Takeshi Shimomura
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5-603 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan, Advanced Research Laboratory, Hitachi, Ltd., Hatoyama 350-0395, Japan, Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro 152-8550, Japan, and WPI Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Seiji Heike
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5-603 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan, Advanced Research Laboratory, Hitachi, Ltd., Hatoyama 350-0395, Japan, Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro 152-8550, Japan, and WPI Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Tomihiro Hashizume
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5-603 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan, Advanced Research Laboratory, Hitachi, Ltd., Hatoyama 350-0395, Japan, Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro 152-8550, Japan, and WPI Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Kohzo Ito
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5-603 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan, Advanced Research Laboratory, Hitachi, Ltd., Hatoyama 350-0395, Japan, Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro 152-8550, Japan, and WPI Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
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Joshi SC, Su JC, Liang CM, Lam YC. Gelation of methylcellulose hydrogels under isothermal conditions. J Appl Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/app.27350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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