1
|
Han R, Ma X, Cai L, Zhang Z, Fang Y, Wang J. Low viscosity and low temperature curing reactive POSS/epoxy hybrid resin with enhanced toughness and comprehensive thermal performance. RSC Adv 2024; 14:7263-7275. [PMID: 38433934 PMCID: PMC10905323 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra08390j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The mechanical and high-temperature resistance properties of epoxy resins cured at low temperatures (Tcuring ≤ 100 °C) are often inferior, and the most toughening modification methods for epoxy resins tend to compromise thermal resistance, which significantly limit the practical applications of it. Therefore, this work reported a low viscosity and low-temperature curing epoxy hybrid resin system (OPEP), adopting E-51 as a resin matrix, liquid anhydride (MHHPA) as a curing agent, tertiary amine (DMBA) as a curing accelerator, and reactive octa-epoxy terminated polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (OG-POSS) as a toughening modifier. Results demonstrated that the OPEP system has excellent processability with low viscosity and long processing window period and satisfies the practical requirements of low-temperature curing. The OG-POSS exhibits superior compatibility and reactivity with the resin matrix, and its addition slightly reduces the Eα of the curing reaction and has a certain promotive effect on the curing of epoxy resin. In addition, the curing reaction rate of the OPEP resin complies with the Šesták-Berggren autocatalytic kinetics model. The impact strength, flexural strength, tensile strength, and elongation at break of the OPEP resin reached a maximum of 15.55 kJ m-2, 121.65 MPa, 90.36 MPa, and 2.48%, representing increases of 55.97%, 3.1%, 64.68%, and 26.51% compared to those of the pure resin, respectively. Notably, due to the heat-resistant inorganic silicon cage structure of OG-POSS, the thermal decomposition temperature (Td5), glass transition temperature (Tg), and heat distortion temperature (THDT) of the OPEP0.02 resin were 313.2 °C, 123.7 °C, and 102.0 °C, showing increases of 13.0 °C, 2.3 °C, and 6.8 °C compared to the pure resin, respectively, which is difficult to achieve for the general thermosetting resin toughening modification method. This research utilized organic-inorganic nanohybrid materials (POSS) to optimize the toughness and thermal stability of the resin in a coordinated manner, providing guidance for the preparation of high-performance epoxy resins that cure at low temperatures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyan Han
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072 PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072 PR China
| | - Lifeng Cai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072 PR China
| | - Zongwu Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072 PR China
| | - Yiliang Fang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072 PR China
| | - Jian Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072 PR China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cheng H, Lee Y, Liu H, Lee W. The effect of component addition order on the properties of epoxy resin/polyurethane resin interpenetrating polymer network structure. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Wen‐Jau Lee
- Forestry National Chung Hsing University Taichung Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kaiser S, Wurzer S, Pilz G, Kern W, Schlögl S. Stress relaxation and thermally adaptable properties in vitrimer-like elastomers from HXNBR rubber with covalent bonds. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:6062-6072. [PMID: 31298258 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm00856j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Widening the scope of skeletons in the chemistry of vitrimer(-like) high molecular weight rubbers, the present study highlights the preparation of vitrimer-like elastomers based on a technically relevant rubber that is characterised by high thermal and oxidation stability. In particular, we prepared covalently crosslinked hydrogenated carboxylated nitrile butadiene rubber (HXNBR) networks that can rearrange their topology due to the exchangeable nature of the crosslinks. By crosslinking with a di-functional epoxide, β-hydroxyl ester linkages are incorporated into the rubber, enabling thermo-activated transesterifications in the presence of the catalyst triazabicyclodecene. At moderate temperatures, the covalent linkages ensure good mechanical properties as well as chemical and thermal stability of the rubber, which is essential for most applications. In addition, bond exchange reactions allow for fast and distinctive stress relaxation at elevated temperatures. Due to the enhanced network mobility above the vitrification transition temperature, the materials exhibit thermally adaptable properties. A comparative study throughout all experiments with catalyst-free samples serving as a reference is made. Shape change experiments reveal a certain malleability of the HXNBR elastomers and improved adhesion properties are shown by means of lap shear tests. In the presence of catalyst, the failure mechanism changes from adhesive to cohesive failure proving the weldability of the material. Furthermore, the samples exhibit thermally triggered repair capabilities as demonstrated by stress-rupture tests. In general, it is shown that already low quantities of exchangeable crosslinks of associative nature impart a promising thermal adaptability into high molecular weight HXNBR rubber.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Kaiser
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, A-8700 Leoben, Austria.
| | - Stefan Wurzer
- Institute of Materials Science and Testing of Polymers, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto Glöckel-Strasse 2, A-8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Gerald Pilz
- Institute of Materials Science and Testing of Polymers, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto Glöckel-Strasse 2, A-8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kern
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, A-8700 Leoben, Austria. and Institute of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto Glöckel-Strasse 2, A-8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, A-8700 Leoben, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Reuscher V, Haag S, Patzelt G, Mayer B. Aging of anhydride-hardened epoxies in lubricants at elevated temperatures. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.44877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vivien Reuscher
- Robert Bosch GmbH; Robert-Bosch-Campus 1 Renningen 71272 Germany
- Faculty for Production Engineering-Mechanical Engineering & Process Engineering; University of Bremen; Badgasteiner Strasse 1 Bremen 28359 Germany
| | - Sabine Haag
- Robert Bosch GmbH; Robert-Bosch-Campus 1 Renningen 71272 Germany
| | - Gesa Patzelt
- Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Technology and Advanced Materials (IFAM); Wiener Strasse 12 Bremen 28359 Germany
| | - Bernd Mayer
- Faculty for Production Engineering-Mechanical Engineering & Process Engineering; University of Bremen; Badgasteiner Strasse 1 Bremen 28359 Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kumar S, Samal SK, Mohanty S, Nayak SK. Epoxidized Soybean Oil-Based Epoxy Blend Cured with Anhydride-Based Cross-Linker: Thermal and Mechanical Characterization. Ind Eng Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b03879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sudheer Kumar
- Laboratory for Advanced Research in Polymeric Materials (LARPM), Central Institute of Plastic Engineering & Technology (CIPET), B/25, CNI complex, Patia, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India
| | - Sushanta K. Samal
- Laboratory for Advanced Research in Polymeric Materials (LARPM), Central Institute of Plastic Engineering & Technology (CIPET), B/25, CNI complex, Patia, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India
| | - Smita Mohanty
- Laboratory for Advanced Research in Polymeric Materials (LARPM), Central Institute of Plastic Engineering & Technology (CIPET), B/25, CNI complex, Patia, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India
| | - Sanjay K. Nayak
- Laboratory for Advanced Research in Polymeric Materials (LARPM), Central Institute of Plastic Engineering & Technology (CIPET), B/25, CNI complex, Patia, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Andraschek N, Wanner AJ, Ebner C, Riess G. Mica/Epoxy-Composites in the Electrical Industry: Applications, Composites for Insulation, and Investigations on Failure Mechanisms for Prospective Optimizations. Polymers (Basel) 2016; 8:polym8050201. [PMID: 30979297 PMCID: PMC6431833 DOI: 10.3390/polym8050201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The investigation of mica and mica/epoxy-composites has always been of high importance and has gained increased attention in recent years due to their significant role as insulation material in the electrical industry. Electrical insulation represents a key factor regarding the reliability and lifespan of high voltage rotating machines. As the demand for generating power plants is increasing, rotating machines are of intrinsic importance to the electrical energy supply. Therefore, impeccable functioning is of immense importance for both the producers of high voltage machines as well as the energy suppliers. Thus, cost reduction caused by shorter maintenance times and higher operational lifespan has become the focus of attention. Besides the electrical properties, composites should offer compatible chemical and mechanical, as well as thermal characteristics for their usage in insulating systems. Furthermore, knowledge of several occurring stresses leading to the final breakdown of the whole insulation is required. This review aims to give an overview of the properties of pure components, the composite, and the possible occurring failure mechanisms which can lead to a full understanding of insulation materials for high voltage rotating machines and therefore establish a basis for prospective optimizations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natascha Andraschek
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben (PCCL), Roseggerstraße 12, Leoben 8700, Austria.
| | | | - Catharina Ebner
- Chair of Polymer Chemistry, Montan University Leoben, Otto-Glöckl-Strasse 2, Leoben 8700, Austria.
| | - Gisbert Riess
- Chair of Polymer Chemistry, Montan University Leoben, Otto-Glöckl-Strasse 2, Leoben 8700, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kavita, Mordina B, Tiwari RK. Thermal and mechanical behavior of poly(vinyl butyral)-modified novolac epoxy/multiwalled carbon nanotube nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.43333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kavita
- Defence Materials and Stores Research and Development Establishment; Kanpur 208013 India
| | - Bablu Mordina
- Defence Materials and Stores Research and Development Establishment; Kanpur 208013 India
| | - R. K. Tiwari
- Defence Materials and Stores Research and Development Establishment; Kanpur 208013 India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Daly JH, Hayward D, Pethrick RA. Prediction of the Rheological Properties of a Curing Thermoset System. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma3023266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. H. Daly
- West CHEM,
Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL,
UK
| | - D. Hayward
- West CHEM,
Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL,
UK
| | - R. A. Pethrick
- West CHEM,
Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL,
UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Adroja PP, Ghumara RY, Parsania PH. Dynamic DSC curing kinetic study of epoxy resin of 1,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) prop-2-en-1-one using aromatic diamines and phthalic anhydride. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.39195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
10
|
Liu F, Wang Z, Liu D, Li J. Curing of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A epoxy resin using a poly(aryl ether ketone) bearing pendant carboxyl groups as macromolecular curing agent. POLYM INT 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.2612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
11
|
Dai Z, Li Y, Yang S, Zhao N, Zhang X, Xu J. Kinetics and thermal properties of epoxy resins based on bisphenol fluorene structure. Eur Polym J 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2009.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
12
|
Jurga J, Voelkel A, Strzemiecka B. Application of different analytical methods used in the study of the cross-linking of resins in intermediate-product used in manufacturing of abrasive articles. J Appl Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/app.29840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|