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Lekakarn H, Bunterngsook B, Laothanachareon T, Champreda V. Functional characterization of endoglucanase (CelB) isolated from lignocellulose-degrading microbial consortium for biomass saccharification. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ghasemi M, Alexandridis P, Tsianou M. Dissolution of Cellulosic Fibers: Impact of Crystallinity and Fiber Diameter. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:640-651. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b01745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ghasemi
- Department of Chemical and
Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York (SUNY), Buffalo, New York 14260-4200, United States
| | - Paschalis Alexandridis
- Department of Chemical and
Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York (SUNY), Buffalo, New York 14260-4200, United States
| | - Marina Tsianou
- Department of Chemical and
Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York (SUNY), Buffalo, New York 14260-4200, United States
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Verma PK, Bhardwaj NK, Singh SP. Improving the material efficiency of recycled furnish for papermaking through enzyme modifications. CAN J CHEM ENG 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.22410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Piyush Kumar Verma
- Department of Paper Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee; Saharanpur Campus; Saharanpur 247001 India
| | - Nishi Kant Bhardwaj
- Avantha Centre for Industrial Research & Development; Yamuna Nagar 135 001 India
| | - Surendra Pal Singh
- Department of Paper Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee; Saharanpur Campus; Saharanpur 247001 India
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DONALDSON L, KROESE H, HILL S, FRANICH R. Detection of wood cell wall porosity using small carbohydrate molecules and confocal fluorescence microscopy. J Microsc 2015; 259:228-36. [DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Yang D, Parlange JY, Walker LP. Revisiting size-exclusion chromatography for measuring structural changes in raw and pretreated mixed hardwoods and switchgrass. Biotechnol Bioeng 2014; 112:549-59. [PMID: 25212985 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The study of the biomass porous structure and its role in defining the accessibility of cell-wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs) to the substrate is very important for understanding the cellulase-cellulose reaction system. Specific pore volume and specific surface area are two important measures of accessibility and a variety of methods have been used to make these measurements. For this study a size exclusion chromatography system was developed to measure specific pore volume and specific surface areas for raw and pretreated mixed-hardwood and switchgrass. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) probes of known molecular diameter (1.8-13 nm) were allowed to diffuse into the pore structure of the various biomass substrate packed in the column and subsequently eluted to generate high resolution concentration measurements with excellent reproducibility. Replicate measurements of probe concentrations from this system consistently yielded coefficient of variance of less than 1.5%. Our results showed that particle size reduction had a smaller influence on the specific pore volume distribution of raw mixed-hardwoods, whereas for switchgrass the larger particles yielded a significantly lower estimate for the pore volume distribution compared to the smaller particles. Our results also clearly showed that our bi-phasic pretreatment yielded the largest increase in pore volume accessibility for mixed-hardwoods relative to switchgrass. From these results a pore size change mechanism was proposed that could explain the influence of size reduction and pretreatment on pore volume measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Yang
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853
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Improvement of degummed ramie fiber properties upon treatment with cellulase secreting immobilized A. larrymoorei A1. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2014; 38:341-51. [PMID: 25194464 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-014-1274-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Degummed ramie fiber is widely used in the textile industry. Cellulase enzyme can be effectively used for bio-polishing of the ramie fiber. We immobilized Agrobacterium larrymoorei A1, a potent extra-cellular cellulase producing bacteria, in Ca-alginate. The production of enzyme significantly increased with increasing alginate concentration and reached a maximum activity of 0.28 IU/ml at 20 g/l, which was 32% higher as compared to free cells. These immobilized cells were used on ramie fibers. Scanning electron micrograph (SEM) and differential interference contrast (DIC) studies showed increased smoothness and orientation of surface structure of the fibers after 19.5 h. The single fiber tenacity was almost same as compared to non-treated fiber and the initial modulus increased by 24.01%. The remarkable reusability of these immobilized cells provides a cost effective method for treatment of natural fibers containing cellulose.
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Arantes V, Gourlay K, Saddler JN. The enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated pulp fibers predominantly involves "peeling/erosion" modes of action. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2014; 7:87. [PMID: 24976863 PMCID: PMC4062648 DOI: 10.1186/1754-6834-7-87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is still considerable debate regarding the actual mechanism by which a "cellulase mixture" deconstructs cellulosic materials, with accessibility to the substrate at the microscopic level being one of the major restrictions that limits fast, complete cellulose hydrolysis. In the work reported here we tried to determine the predominant mode of action, at the fiber level, of how a cellulase mixture deconstructs pretreated softwood and hardwood pulp fibers. Quantitative changes in the pulp fibers derived from different pretreated biomass substrates were monitored throughout the course of enzymatic hydrolysis to see if the dominant mechanisms involved either the fragmentation/cutting of longer fibers to shorter fibers or their "peeling/delamination/erosion," or if both cutting and peeling mechanisms occurred simultaneously. RESULTS Regardless of the source of biomass, the type of pretreatment and the chemical composition of the substrate, under typical hydrolysis conditions (50°C, pH 4.8, mixing) longer pulp fibers (fiber length >200 μm) were rapidly broken down until a relatively constant fiber length of 130 to 160 μm was reached. In contrast, shorter fibers with an initial average fiber length of 130 to 160 μm showed no significant change in length despite their substantial hydrolysis. The fragmentation/cutting mode of deconstruction was only observed on longer fibers at early stages of hydrolysis. Although the fiber fragmentation mode of deconstruction was not greatly influenced by enzyme loading, it was significantly inhibited by glucose and was mainly observed during initial mixing of the enzyme and substrate. In contrast, significant changes in the fiber width occurred throughout the course of hydrolysis for all of the substrates, suggesting that fiber width may limit the rate and extent of cellulose hydrolysis. CONCLUSION It appears that, at the fiber level, pretreated pulp fibers are hydrolyzed through a two-step mode of action involving an initial rapid fragmentation followed by simultaneous swelling and peeling/erosion of the fragmented fibers. This latter mechanism is the predominant mode of action involved in effectively hydrolyzing the cellulose present in pretreated wood substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valdeir Arantes
- University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Keith Gourlay
- University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jack N Saddler
- University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Chauve M, Barre L, Tapin-Lingua S, Silva Perez DD, Decottignies D, Perez S, Ferreira NL. Evolution and impact of cellulose architecture during enzymatic hydrolysis by fungal cellulases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/abb.2013.412146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Kalia S, Vashistha S. Surface Modification of Sisal Fibers Using Cellulase and Microwave-Assisted Grafting: A Study of Morphology, Crystallinity, and Thermal Stability. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2011.617342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Nithya E, Radhai R, Rajendran R, Jayakumar S, Vaideki K. Enhancement of the antimicrobial property of cotton fabric using plasma and enzyme pre-treatments. Carbohydr Polym 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Del Rio LF, Chandra RP, Saddler JN. Fibre size does not appear to influence the ease of enzymatic hydrolysis of organosolv-pretreated softwoods. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 107:235-42. [PMID: 22243924 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.12.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Revised: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
To determine the effect of fibre size on enzymatic hydrolysis, organosolv-pretreated lodgepole pine was size-fractionated into six substrates ranging in average size from 0.20 to 3.4mm. Other than the fines fraction (<0.2mm) which contained most of the lignin, the fractionated substrates were more readily hydrolyzed than the original substrate with nearly complete hydrolysis after 72 h at 5 FPU g(-1) cellulose. Surprisingly, fibre size was found to have little influence on enzymatic hydrolysis likely due to similarities in the substrates' chemical composition, accessible surface area, cellulose crystallinity and degree of polymerization. To determine the influence of the fines on enzymatic hydrolysis, their content was artificially increased (from 8.9% to 55.4%) however; this did not have a noticeable effect. These results show that within the range of fibre sizes tested, other substrate characteristics likely play a more significant role in the ease of hydrolysis of pretreated substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis F Del Rio
- Forest Products Biotechnology/Bioenergy Group, Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Arantes V, Saddler JN. Cellulose accessibility limits the effectiveness of minimum cellulase loading on the efficient hydrolysis of pretreated lignocellulosic substrates. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2011; 4:3. [PMID: 21310050 PMCID: PMC3042927 DOI: 10.1186/1754-6834-4-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
A range of lignocellulosic feedstocks (including agricultural, softwood and hardwood substrates) were pretreated with either sulfur dioxide-catalyzed steam or an ethanol organosolv procedure to try to establish a reliable assessment of the factors governing the minimum protein loading that could be used to achieve efficient hydrolysis. A statistical design approach was first used to define what might constitute the minimum protein loading (cellulases and β-glucosidase) that could be used to achieve efficient saccharification (defined as at least 70% glucan conversion) of the pretreated substrates after 72 hours of hydrolysis. The likely substrate factors that limit cellulose availability/accessibility were assessed, and then compared with the optimized minimum amounts of protein used to obtain effective hydrolysis. The optimized minimum protein loadings to achieve efficient hydrolysis of seven pretreated substrates ranged between 18 and 63 mg protein per gram of glucan. Within the similarly pretreated group of lignocellulosic feedstocks, the agricultural residues (corn stover and corn fiber) required significantly lower protein loadings to achieve efficient hydrolysis than did the pretreated woody biomass (poplar, douglas fir and lodgepole pine). Regardless of the substantial differences in the source, structure and chemical composition of the feedstocks, and the difference in the pretreatment technology used, the protein loading required to achieve efficient hydrolysis of lignocellulosic substrates was strongly dependent on the accessibility of the cellulosic component of each of the substrates. We found that cellulose-rich substrates with highly accessible cellulose, as assessed by the Simons' stain method, required a lower protein loading per gram of glucan to obtain efficient hydrolysis compared with substrates containing less accessible cellulose. These results suggest that the rate-limiting step during hydrolysis is not the catalytic cleavage of the cellulose chains per se, but rather the limited accessibility of the enzymes to the cellulose chains due to the physical structure of the cellulosic substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valdeir Arantes
- Forestry Products Biotechnology/Bioenergy Group, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jack N Saddler
- Forestry Products Biotechnology/Bioenergy Group, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Lee DK, Saito T, Benesi AJ, Hickner MA, Allcock HR. Characterization of water in proton-conducting membranes by deuterium NMR T1 relaxation. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:776-83. [PMID: 21218813 DOI: 10.1021/jp106757b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
(2)H T(1) NMR relaxation was used to characterize the molecular motion of deuterated water ((2)H(2)O) in Aquivion E87-05, Nafion 117, and sulfonated-Radel proton-exchange membranes. The presence of bound water with solid character was confirmed by the dependence of the (2)H T(1) relaxation on the magnetic field of the spectrometer. By comparing the (2)H T(1) relaxation times of the different membranes that were equilibrated in varying humidities, the factors that influence the state of water in the membranes were identified. At low levels of hydration, the molecular motion of (2)H(2)O is affected by the acidity and mobility of the sulfonic acid groups to which the water molecules are coordinated. At higher levels of hydration, the molecular motion of (2)H(2)O is affected by the phase separation of the hydrophilic/hydrophobic domains and the size of the hydrophilic domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K Lee
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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Lu J, Rao S, Le T, Mora S, Banerjee S. Increasing cake solids of cellulosic sludge through enzyme-assisted dewatering. Process Biochem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2010.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Chandra RP, Au-Yeung K, Chanis C, Roos AA, Mabee W, Chung PA, Ghatora S, Saddler JN. The influence of pretreatment and enzyme loading on the effectiveness of batch and fed-batch hydrolysis of corn stover. Biotechnol Prog 2010; 27:77-85. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Pan M, Zhou D, Zhou X, Lian Z. Improvement of straw surface characteristics via thermomechanical and chemical treatments. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2010; 101:7930-7934. [PMID: 20684879 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2010] [Revised: 05/04/2010] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This study focused on effects of thermomechanical treatment, acid hydrolysis and enzymatic hydrolysis of rice straw fibre on its water resistant. Xylose and arabinose yields were 19.97% and 2.55%, respectively with thermomechanical treatment, 24.35% and 3.18% with acid hydrolysis, and 20.11% and 2.73% with enzymatic hydrolysis. The acid treatment dissolved hemicellulose significantly, leading to more fines and more voids in the surface of the rice straw fibre. The fines showed a higher water retention value (WRV) of 137.41% and exhibited higher swelling capacity. An increase in acid loading resulted in the increased WRV. The enzymatic hydrolysis increased the crystallinity of cellulose, but no significant correlation could be found between the chemical component and the water resistance of the rice straw fibre.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhu Pan
- College of Wood Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
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Kumar R, Wyman CE. Does change in accessibility with conversion depend on both the substrate and pretreatment technology? BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2009; 100:4193-202. [PMID: 19398329 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.11.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2008] [Revised: 11/11/2008] [Accepted: 11/20/2008] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The accessibility of cellulase and xylanase enzymes to glucan and xylan, respectively, and its change with conversion were measured for pure Avicel glucan and poplar solids that had been pretreated by ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX), ammonia recycled percolation (ARP), dilute acid, and lime. Avicel and pretreated solids were digested to various degrees by cellulase together with beta-glucosidase enzymes and then cleaned of residual protein via a biological method using Protease. Glucan accessibility was determined by purified CBHI (Cel7A) adsorption at 4 degrees C, and 4 and 24 h hydrolysis yields were determined for solids loading containing equal amounts of glucan (1.0% w/v) and lignin (1.0% w/v), in two separate sets of experiments. Consistent with our previous study and in contrast to some in the literature, little change in glucan accessibility was observed with conversion for Avicel, but glucan and xylan accessibility for real biomass varied with the type of pretreatment. For example, AFEX pretreated solids showed a negligible change in glucan accessibility for conversion up to 90%, although xylan accessibility seemed to decline first and then remained constant. On the other hand, a substantial decline in glucan and xylan accessibility with conversion was observed for lime pretreated poplar solids, as shown by initial hydrolysis rates. Yet, an increase in CBHI adsorption with conversion for lime pretreated poplar solids suggested the opposite trend, possibly due to increased lignin exposure and/or reduced effectiveness of adsorbed enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Kumar
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, New Hampshire 03755, USA
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Gupta R, Lee Y. Mechanism of cellulase reaction on pure cellulosic substrates. Biotechnol Bioeng 2009; 102:1570-81. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.22195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Egusa S, Yokota S, Tanaka K, Esaki K, Okutani Y, Ogawa Y, Kitaoka T, Goto M, Wariishi H. Surface modification of a solid-state cellulose matrix with lactose by a surfactant-enveloped enzyme in a nonaqueous medium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b819025a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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