Preparation and characterization of poly(vinyl chloride)/virgin and treated sisal fiber composites

Novel Composites of Poly(vinyl chloride) with Carbon Fibre/Carbon Nanotube Hybrid Filler

This article presents the results of studies of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) composites modified with a hybrid carbon filler of carbon fibres (CFs) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The hybrid filler was produced by a solvent method, using poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) as an adhesive. The proportion of components in the hybrid filler with CF-CNT-PVAc was 50:2.5:1, respectively. The obtained hybrid filler was evaluated by SEM, TG, and Raman spectroscopy. The PVC composites were produced by extrusion with proportions of the hybrid filler as 1 wt%, 5 wt%, or 10 wt%. Thermal stability by the TG method, mechanical properties, and the glass transition temperature (T_g) by the DMA and DSC methods were determined. The composite structure was evaluated by SEM and Raman spectroscopy. The effect of the hybrid filler on electrical properties was investigated by studying the cross and surface resistivity. It was concluded that, aside from a substantial increase in the elastic modulus, no substantial improvement in the PVC/CF/CNT composites' mechanical properties was observed; however, slight increases in thermal stability and Tg were noted. The addition of the hybrid filler contributed to a substantial change in the composites' electrical properties. SEM observations demonstrated improved CNT dispersibility in the matrix, however, without a completely homogeneous coverage of CF by CNT.

An Experimental and Numerical Investigation into the Durability of Fibre/Polymer Composites with Synthetic and Natural Fibres

Progress in engineering research has shifted the interest from traditional monolithic materials to modern materials such as fibre reinforced composites (FRC). This paradigm shift can be attributed to the unique mechanical characteristics of FRCs such as high strength to weight ratio, good flexural strength, and fracture toughness. At present, synthetic composites dominate the automotive, aerospace, sporting, and construction industries despite serious drawbacks such as costly raw materials, high manufacturing costs, non-recyclability, toxicity, and non-biodegradability. To address these issues, naturally occurring plant fibres (such as jute, hemp, sisal) are being increasingly researched as potential reinforcements for biodegradable or non-biodegradable polymer matrices to produce environmentally friendly composites. In this study, sisal fibres were selected owing to their low production costs, sustainability, recyclability, and biodegradability. The hydrothermal ageing and mechanical characteristics of sisal fibre-reinforced epoxy (SFRE) composites were determined and compared with glass fibre-reinforced epoxy (GFRE) synthetic composites. Moreover, a first-of-its-kind numerical model have been developed to study the hydrothermal ageing and mechanical characteristics of SFRE, along with GFRE, using ANSYS software. Moreover, microstructural analysis of flexural tested GFRE and SFRE samples were carried out to identify the microstructural properties of the composites. Both experimental and numerical results exhibited an influence of short- or long-term hydrothermal treatment on the flexural properties of glass and sisal fibre-based composites. In the case of GFRE, the moisture uptake and fibre-matrix de-bonding existed, but it is less severe as compared to the SFRE composites. It was found that the dosage of sisal fibres largely determines the ultimate mechanical performance of the composite. Nonetheless, the experimental and numerical flexural strengths of SFRE were comparable to GFRE composites. This exhibited that the SFRE composites possess the potentiality as a sustainable material for advanced applications.

Influência da sequência de mistura do PP-MA nas propriedades dos compósitos de PP e fibra de bananeira

Neste trabalho foi analisada a influência da sequência de mistura do compósito de polipropileno (PP) com 10% em volume de fibras de bananeira (FB) utilizando polipropileno enxertado com anidrido maleico (PP-MA) como agente de acoplamento. As propriedades térmicas, mecânicas, absorção de água e morfologia dos compósitos foram caracterizadas. Foram utilizadas 3 sequências de mistura: o processamento de todos os componentes juntos (PP + PP-MA + FB); a extrusão do PP/PP-MA e após moagem, esta mistura foi processada com a FB ((PP + PP-MA) + FB); e a mistura do PP-MA com a FB seguida da extrusão deste compósito com o PP (PP + (PP-MA + FB)). Os compósitos apresentaram maior estabilidade térmica e menor grau de cristalinidade que o PP puro, independentemente da sequência de mistura. Constatou-se que a mistura de PP + PP-MA + FB processada uma única vez apresentou maior resistência ao impacto. Os compósitos modificados com PP-MA, independentemente da sequência de mistura, apresentaram módulo de elasticidade maior e menor absorção de água que o compósito sem agente de acoplamento. Para a resistência à tração máxima e módulo de elasticidade não ocorreram alterações significativas em relação aos métodos de mistura. Na microscopia eletrônica de varredura foi possível observar que as FB apresentaram maior adesão nos compósitos com PP-MA, principalmente para a composição PP + (PP-MA + FB).

Potential of Sisal Reinforced Biodegradable Polylactic Acid and Polyvinyl Alcohol Composites

The application of natural fibres as polymer reinforcement is of extreme interest, especially in combination with biodegradable polymers. Such “green” composite represent a step forward to eco-design and environmentally friendly applications. The use of biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA) on the basis of renewable resources in addition to the biodegradable polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) on petrochemical basis is compared in this study with the application of polypropylene (PP) as a surrounding matrix for sisal fibres. According to the law of similarities, the chemically similar structure of natural fibres and PVA and PLA provides stronger fibre-matrix bonding characteristics compared to PP. This was experimentally validated applying single-fibre pull-out tests, where the effect of improved bonding is further investigated in terms of tensile and impact composite behaviour. SEM investigation was further applied to describe failure modes of natural fibre composites.