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Membranes Based on Polyvinylidene Fluoride and Radiation-Grafted Sulfonated Polystyrene and Their Performance in Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14183833. [PMID: 36145977 PMCID: PMC9504926 DOI: 10.3390/polym14183833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Proton-exchange membranes based on gamma-irradiated films of PVDF and radiation-grafted sulfonated polystyrene with an ion-exchange capacity of 1.8 meq/g and crosslinking degrees of 0 and 3% were synthesized. A solvent-free, environmentally friendly method of styrene grafting from its aqueous emulsion, with a styrene content of only 5 vol.% was used. Energy dispersive X-ray mapping analysis showed that the grafted sulfonated polystyrene is uniformly distributed throughout the membrane thickness. The obtained materials had a proton conductivity up to 132 mS/cm at 80 °C and a hydrogen permeability of up to 5.2 cm2/s at 30 °C, which significantly exceeded similar values for Nafion®-212 membranes. The resulting membranes exhibited a H2/O2 fuel cell peak power density of up to 0.4 W/cm2 at 65 °C. Accelerated stability tests showed that adding a crosslinking agent could significantly increase the stability of the membranes in the fuel cells. The thermal properties and crystallinity of the membranes were investigated through differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray powder diffraction methods. The conductivity, water uptake, and mechanical properties of the membranes (stress–strain curves) were also characterized.
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2
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Tap TD, Long TH, Hieu DTT, Hao LH, Phuong HT, Luan LQ, Van Man T. Positron annihilation lifetime study of subnano level free volume features of grafted polymer electrolyte membranes for hydrogen fuel cell applications. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tran Duy Tap
- Faculty of Materials Science and Technology University of Science Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Tran Hoang Long
- Faculty of Materials Science and Technology University of Science Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Dinh Tran Trong Hieu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Technology University of Science Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Physics Laboratory Le Thanh Ton High School Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Lam Hoang Hao
- Faculty of Materials Science and Technology University of Science Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Huynh Truc Phuong
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Faculty of Physics and Engineering Physics University of Science Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Le Quang Luan
- Deparment of Bio‐material and Nano Technology Biotechnology Center of Ho Chi Minh City Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Tran Van Man
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Applied Physical Chemistry Laboratory University of Science Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
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Yigen B, Kassim Ali M, Karatas B, Alkan Gürsel S, Karatas Y. Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(m‐tolyloxy‐co‐4‐pyridinoxy phosphazene)s and their Application as Proton Exchange Membranes. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202103650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Burak Yigen
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Arts and Sciences Kirsehir Ahi Evran University Department, Bagbasi Campus Kirsehir 40100 Turkey
| | - Mariamu Kassim Ali
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences Sabanci University Istanbul 34956 Turkey
| | - Betul Karatas
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Arts and Sciences Kirsehir Ahi Evran University Department, Bagbasi Campus Kirsehir 40100 Turkey
| | - Selmiye Alkan Gürsel
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences Sabanci University Istanbul 34956 Turkey
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM) Sabanci University Istanbul 34956 Turkey
| | - Yunus Karatas
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Arts and Sciences Kirsehir Ahi Evran University Department, Bagbasi Campus Kirsehir 40100 Turkey
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Hao LH, Tap TD, Hieu DTT, Korneeva E, Van Tiep N, Yoshimura K, Hasegawa S, Sawada S, Van Man T, Hung NQ, Tuyen LA, Dinh V, Luan LQ, Maekawa Y. Morphological characterization of grafted polymer electrolyte membranes at a surface layer for fuel cell application. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lam Hoang Hao
- Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, University of Science Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Tran Duy Tap
- Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, University of Science Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Dinh Tran Trong Hieu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, University of Science Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Physics Laboratory Le Thanh Ton High School Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | | | - Nguyen Van Tiep
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research Dubna Russia
- Institute of Physics Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Kimio Yoshimura
- Department of Advanced Functional Materials Research Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, Quantum Beam Science Research Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST) Takasaki Japan
| | - Shin Hasegawa
- Department of Advanced Functional Materials Research Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, Quantum Beam Science Research Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST) Takasaki Japan
| | - Shin‐ichi Sawada
- Department of Advanced Functional Materials Research Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, Quantum Beam Science Research Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST) Takasaki Japan
| | - Tran Van Man
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Applied Physical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Physical Chemistry University of Science Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Quang Hung
- Institute of Fundamental and Applied Sciences Duy Tan University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Faculty of Natural Sciences Duy Tan University Da Nang Vietnam
| | - Luu Anh Tuyen
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research Dubna Russia
- Center for Nuclear Techniques Vietnam Atomic Energy Institute Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Van‐Phuc Dinh
- Institute of Fundamental and Applied Sciences Duy Tan University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Faculty of Natural Sciences Duy Tan University Da Nang Vietnam
| | - Le Quang Luan
- Bio‐material and Nano Technology Department Biotechnology Center of Ho Chi Minh City Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Yasunari Maekawa
- Department of Advanced Functional Materials Research Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, Quantum Beam Science Research Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST) Takasaki Japan
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Hamada T, Zhao Y, Yoshimura K, Radulescu A, Ohwada K, Maekawa Y. Hydrophobic Effect on Alkaline Stability of Graft Chains in Ammonium‐type Anion Exchange Membranes Prepared by Radiation‐Induced Graft Polymerization. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202102045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Hamada
- Department of Advanced Functional Materials Research Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute Quantum Beam Science Research Directorate National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST) 1233 Watanuki Takasaki Gunma 370-1292 Japan
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering Hiroshima University 1-4-1 Kagamiyama Higashi Hiroshima 739-8527 Japan
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of Advanced Functional Materials Research Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute Quantum Beam Science Research Directorate National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST) 1233 Watanuki Takasaki Gunma 370-1292 Japan
| | - Kimio Yoshimura
- Department of Advanced Functional Materials Research Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute Quantum Beam Science Research Directorate National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST) 1233 Watanuki Takasaki Gunma 370-1292 Japan
| | - Aurel Radulescu
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Lichtenbergstraße 1 D-85747 Garching Germany
| | - Kenji Ohwada
- Synchrotron Radiation Research Center Quantum Beam Science Research Directorate National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST) 1-1-1 Kouto Sayo Hyogo 679-5148 Japan
| | - Yasunari Maekawa
- Department of Advanced Functional Materials Research Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute Quantum Beam Science Research Directorate National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST) 1233 Watanuki Takasaki Gunma 370-1292 Japan
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Mohamad SF, Karoji MN, Mustaqim Azzian MI, Mohd Hassani MH, Wan Salleh WN. Surface functionalization of poly(vinylidene fluoride) membrane by radiation‐induced emulsion polymerization of hydroxyethyl acrylates in an aqueous medium. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siti Fatahiyah Mohamad
- Biopolymer Group, Radiation Processing & Technology Divisions Malaysia Nuclear Agency Bangi Malaysia
| | - Muhamad Nurfalah Karoji
- Biopolymer Group, Radiation Processing & Technology Divisions Malaysia Nuclear Agency Bangi Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Irfan Mustaqim Azzian
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Johor Bahru Malaysia
| | - Muhamad Hisyamuddin Mohd Hassani
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Johor Bahru Malaysia
| | - Wan Norharyati Wan Salleh
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Johor Bahru Malaysia
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Qian J, Fu C, Wu X, Ran X, Nie W. Promotion of poly(vinylidene fluoride) on thermal stability and rheological property of ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer. E-POLYMERS 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/epoly-2018-0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn this work, the thermal stability, rheological properties and mechanical properties of ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer (ETFE)/poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) blends were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis, rheometer and the tensile test. Thermal results indicated that blends had better thermal oxidation resistance than pure ETFE. Particularly, the initial thermal decomposition temperature (Td0) and the temperature at maximum decomposition rate (Tdmax) of PVDF/ETFE (10/90 wt%) blends were at 374.49°C and 480°C, which were 52.6°C and 34°C higher than pure ETFE. The activation energy of thermal degradation (Ed) of ETFE was 66 kJ/mol, while the PVDF/ETFE (10/90 wt%) blends presented a higher Ed, near 187 kJ/mol. Furthermore, rheological measurements demonstrated that the shear-thinning tendency of blends became stronger with increasing PVDF content. PVDF/ETFE (10/90 wt%) blends had somewhat lower mechanical properties than ETFE, which was still high enough for various applications. Blends with PVDF provided an efficient method to extend the application area of ETFE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Qian
- Lab of Polymer Composites Engineering, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P.R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P.R. China
| | - Chao Fu
- Lab of Polymer Composites Engineering, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P.R. China
| | - Xianyou Wu
- Lab of Polymer Composites Engineering, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P.R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P.R. China
| | - Xianghai Ran
- Lab of Polymer Composites Engineering, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P.R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P.R. China, Phone: +86 431 85262677, Fax: +86 431 85262424
| | - Wei Nie
- Lab of Polymer Composites Engineering, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P.R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P.R. China, Phone: +86 431 85262232, Fax: +86 431 85262778
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Qian J, Fu C, Wang X, Li W, Chu H, Ran X, Nie W. The formation of cross-linking networks in a fluorinated polymer composite system by electron beam irradiation. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adv.22086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Qian
- Lab of Polymer Composites Engineering; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun China
- University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei China
| | - Chao Fu
- Lab of Polymer Composites Engineering; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun China
- University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei China
| | - Xuemei Wang
- Lab of Polymer Composites Engineering; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun China
| | - Weiyan Li
- Lab of Polymer Composites Engineering; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun China
- University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei China
| | - Huiying Chu
- Lab of Polymer Composites Engineering; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun China
- University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei China
| | - Xianghai Ran
- Lab of Polymer Composites Engineering; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun China
- University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei China
| | - Wei Nie
- Lab of Polymer Composites Engineering; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun China
- University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei China
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Sawada SI, Hasegawa S, Zhao Y, Maekawa Y. Block-type proton exchange membranes prepared by a combination of radiation-induced grafting and atom-transfer radical polymerization. J Memb Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2017.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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Crystalline microstructure and dielectric properties of oriented poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene). POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Sproll V, Nagy G, Gasser U, Embs JP, Obiols-Rabasa M, Schmidt TJ, Gubler L, Balog S. Radiation Grafted Ion-Conducting Membranes: The Influence of Variations in Base Film Nanostructure. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Sproll
- Electrochemistry
Laboratory, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Gergely Nagy
- Laboratory
for Neutron Scattering and Imaging, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Urs Gasser
- Laboratory
for Neutron Scattering and Imaging, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Jan Peter Embs
- Laboratory
for Neutron Scattering and Imaging, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Marc Obiols-Rabasa
- Division
of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Lund, 22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Thomas J. Schmidt
- Electrochemistry
Laboratory, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lorenz Gubler
- Electrochemistry
Laboratory, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Sandor Balog
- Adolphe
Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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12
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Fluoropolymer microstructure and dynamics: Influence of molecular orientation induced by uniaxial drawing. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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13
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Çelik G, Barsbay M, Güven O. Towards new proton exchange membrane materials with enhanced performance via RAFT polymerization. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py01527h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study focuses on the synthesis of well-defined proton exchange membranes (PEM) for fuel cell applications using reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization in the radiation-induced grafting part of the overall process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gökçe Çelik
- Department of Chemistry
- Hacettepe University
- Ankara
- Turkey
| | - Murat Barsbay
- Department of Chemistry
- Hacettepe University
- Ankara
- Turkey
| | - Olgun Güven
- Department of Chemistry
- Hacettepe University
- Ankara
- Turkey
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Li X, Drache M, Gohs U, Beuermann S. Novel concept of polymer electrolyte membranes for high-temperature fuel cells based on ETFE grafted with neutral acrylic monomers. J Memb Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2015.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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15
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Sproll V, Schmidt TJ, Gubler L. Grafting design: a strategy to increase the performance of radiation-grafted membranes. POLYM INT 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Sproll
- Electrochemistry Laboratory; Paul Scherrer Institute; 5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
| | - Thomas J Schmidt
- Electrochemistry Laboratory; Paul Scherrer Institute; 5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry; ETH Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Lorenz Gubler
- Electrochemistry Laboratory; Paul Scherrer Institute; 5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
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Zhang Z, Chattot R, Bonorand L, Jetsrisuparb K, Buchmüller Y, Wokaun A, Gubler L. Mass spectrometry to quantify and compare the gas barrier properties of radiation grafted membranes and Nafion®. J Memb Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2014.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene) (ETFE)-based graft-type polymer electrolyte membranes with different ion exchange capacities: Relative humidity dependence for fuel cell applications. J Memb Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2013.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Ferreira H, Parra D, Lugao A. Radiation-induced grafting of styrene into poly(vinylidene fluoride) film by simultaneous method with two different solvents. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2012.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Zhang H, Shen PK. Recent Development of Polymer Electrolyte Membranes for Fuel Cells. Chem Rev 2012; 112:2780-832. [DOI: 10.1021/cr200035s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1086] [Impact Index Per Article: 90.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies and Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province, School of Physics and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P.R. China
| | - Pei Kang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies and Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province, School of Physics and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P.R. China
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Schauer J, Llanos J, Žitka J, Hnát J, Bouzek K. Cation-exchange membranes: Comparison of homopolymer, block copolymer, and heterogeneous membranes. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.35524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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22
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youcef HB, Gubler L, Foelske-Schmitz A, Scherer GG. Improvement of homogeneity and interfacial properties of radiation grafted membranes for fuel cells using diisopropenylbenzene crosslinker. J Memb Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2011.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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