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Functional Grading of Mycelium Materials with Inorganic Particles: The Effect of Nanoclay on the Biological, Chemical and Mechanical Properties. Biomimetics (Basel) 2022; 7:biomimetics7020057. [PMID: 35645184 PMCID: PMC9149836 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics7020057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological materials that are created by growing mycelium-forming fungal microorganisms on natural fibers can form a solution to environmental pollution and scarcity of natural resources. Recent studies on the hybridization of mycelium materials with glass improved fire performance; however, the effect of inorganic particles on growth performance and mechanical properties was not previously investigated. Yet, due to the wide variety of reinforcement particles, mycelium nanocomposites can potentially be designed for specific functions and applications, such as fire resistance and mechanical improvement. The objectives of this paper are to first determine whether mycelium materials reinforced with montmorillonite nanoclay can be produced given its inorganic nature, and then to study the influence of these nanoparticles on material properties. Nanoclay–mycelium materials are evaluated in terms of morphological, chemical, and mechanical properties. The first steps are taken in unravelling challenges that exist in combining myco-fabrication with nanomaterials. Results indicate that nanoclay causes a decreased growth rate, although the clay particles are able to penetrate into the fibers’ cell-wall structure. The FTIR study demonstrates that T. versicolor has more difficulty accessing and decaying the hemicellulose and lignin when the amount of nanoclay increases. Moreover, the addition of nanoclay results in low mechanical properties. While nanoclay enhances the properties of polymer composites, the hybridization with mycelium composites was not successful.
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Gul W, Alrobei H, Shah SRA, Khan A. Effect of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles on the Physical Properties of Medium Density Fiberboard. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2911. [PMID: 33291670 PMCID: PMC7761913 DOI: 10.3390/polym12122911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper investigates the influence of iron oxide (Fe2O3) nanoparticles on the physical properties of medium density fiberboard (MDF). In this study, three different nano iron oxide loadings, i.e., 0.5, 1.5 and 2.5 wt %, and untreated poplar fibers were used. The iron oxide (Fe2O3) nanoparticles were initially dispersed into urea formaldehyde resin using a high-vacuum mechanical stirrer before being incorporated into natural fibers. The untreated poplar fibers were wound onto metal frames to produce dry mat layers. Twenty different composite samples were made. All composite samples were tested for physical properties, i.e., thickness swelling, water absorption, moisture content and density in accordance with standards EN-317, ASTM D570, EN-322 and EN-323 respectively. Based on the results, it was found that the incorporation of homogeneously dispersed iron oxide nanoparticles significantly improved thickness swelling (Ts). Moreover, water absorption (WA) improved by up to 49.18 and 34.54%, respectively, at the highest loading of 2.5 wt %. Microstructure was investigated and characterized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and we examined whether iron oxide nanoparticles exhibit good interactions with urea formaldehyde and poplar wood fibers. Heat and mass transfer investigation in the form of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was carried out due to the impact of Fe2O3 nanoparticles. The curing temperature and thermal stability of the resin were enhanced due to the addition of Fe2O3 nanoparticles. A one-way ANOVA statistical analysis was established to effectively control the use of Fe2O3 nanoparticles. Therefore, the presence of iron oxide nanoparticles in an epoxy polymer contributes to a stiffer matrix that, effectively, enhances the capability of improving the physical properties of nano MDF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waheed Gul
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan;
| | - Hussein Alrobei
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Riaz Akbar Shah
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan;
| | - Afzal Khan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan;
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Yadav SM, Lubis MAR, Wibowo ES, Park BD. Effects of nanoclay modification with transition metal ion on the performance of urea–formaldehyde resin adhesives. Polym Bull (Berl) 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-020-03214-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Nuryawan A, Abdullah CK, Hazwan CM, Olaiya NG, Yahya EB, Risnasari I, Masruchin N, Baharudin MS, Khalid H, Khalil HPSA. Enhancement of Oil Palm Waste Nanoparticles on the Properties and Characterization of Hybrid Plywood Biocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12051007. [PMID: 32349385 PMCID: PMC7284790 DOI: 10.3390/polym12051007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Using oil palm trunk (OPT) layered with empty fruit bunch (EFB), so-called hybrid plywood enhanced with palm oil ash nanoparticles, with phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin as a binder, was produced in this study. The phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resins filled with different loading of oil palm ash (OPA) nanoparticles were prepared and used as glue for layers of the oil palm trunk (OPT) veneer and empty fruit bunch fibre mat. The resulting hybrid plywood produced was characterised. The physical, mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties of the hybrid plywood panels were investigated. The results obtained showed that the presence of OPA nanoparticles significantly affected the physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of the plywood panels. Significant improvements in dimension from water absorption and thickness swelling experiments were obtained for the plywood panels with the highest OPA nanoparticles loading in PF resin. The mechanical properties indicated that plywood composites showed improvement in flexural, shear, and impact properties until a certain loading of OPA nanoparticles in PF resin. Fracture surface morphology also showed the effectiveness of OPA nanoparticles in the reduction of layer breakage due to force and stress distribution. The thermal stability performance showed that PF filled OPA nanoparticles contributed to the thermal stability of the plywood panels. Therefore, the results obtained in this study showed that OPA nanoparticles certainly improved the characteristic of the hybrid plywood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Nuryawan
- Department of Forest Products Technology, Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia;
- Correspondence: (A.N.); (C.K.A.); (H.P.S.A.K.)
| | - C. K. Abdullah
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia; (C.M.H.); (N.G.O.); (E.B.Y.); (M.S.B.)
- Correspondence: (A.N.); (C.K.A.); (H.P.S.A.K.)
| | - Che Mohamad Hazwan
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia; (C.M.H.); (N.G.O.); (E.B.Y.); (M.S.B.)
| | - N. G. Olaiya
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia; (C.M.H.); (N.G.O.); (E.B.Y.); (M.S.B.)
| | - Esam Bashir Yahya
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia; (C.M.H.); (N.G.O.); (E.B.Y.); (M.S.B.)
| | - Iwan Risnasari
- Department of Forest Products Technology, Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia;
| | - Nanang Masruchin
- Research Centre for Biomaterials, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), JI.Raya Bogor KM 46, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia;
| | - M. S. Baharudin
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia; (C.M.H.); (N.G.O.); (E.B.Y.); (M.S.B.)
| | - Hasmawi Khalid
- Politeknik Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah, Persiaran usahawan, Seksyen U1, Shah Alam 40150, Malaysia;
| | - H. P. S. Abdul Khalil
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia; (C.M.H.); (N.G.O.); (E.B.Y.); (M.S.B.)
- Correspondence: (A.N.); (C.K.A.); (H.P.S.A.K.)
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Structures, Properties and Potential Applications of Corncob Residue Modified by Carboxymethylation. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12030638. [PMID: 32168912 PMCID: PMC7183323 DOI: 10.3390/polym12030638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, corncob residue (CR) valorization was simply and efficiently realized via carboxymethylation, and its enhanced performance as fillers in urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin was investigated. The structures of corncob residue and carboxymethylated derivative were analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Raman techniques, respectively. The thermal stability, morphology, viscosity control, and adhesive strength were then investigated to evaluate its performance as fillers in UF resin composite. Similar to commercial flour, carboxymethylated CR could effectively disperse in UF resin. It also exhibited a better initial viscosity control between 30 and 50 °C. The adhesive test analysis showed that the shear strength of resin with carboxymethylated CR addition could reach 1.04 MPa, which was comparable to flour (0.99 MPa) and significantly higher than raw CR (0.45 MPa). Moreover, a low formaldehyde emission was observed.
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Application of surface chemical functionalized cellulose nanocrystals to improve the performance of UF adhesives used in wood based composites - MDF type. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 206:11-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.10.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Banerjee A, Ray SK. PVA modified filled copolymer membranes for pervaporative dehydration of acetic acid-systematic optimization of synthesis and process parameters with response surface methodology. J Memb Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2017.11.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Hashemi-Nasirabad M, Salehi-Mobarakeh H, Mahdavian A. Improvement of UF/fiberglass mat properties used in roofing shingles through emulsion polymers and nanoclay addition. IRANIAN POLYMER JOURNAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13726-017-0586-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Dervisevic M, Çevik E, Durmuş Z, Şenel M. Electrochemical sensing platforms based on the different carbon derivative incorporated interface. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 58:790-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Deng S, Du G, Li X, Pizzi A. Performance and reaction mechanism of zero formaldehyde-emission urea-glyoxal (UG) resin. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Deng S, Pizzi A, Du G, Zhang J, Zhang J. Synthesis, structure, and characterization of glyoxal-urea-formaldehyde cocondensed resins. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.41009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuduan Deng
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University; Beijing 100083 People's Republics of China
- Yunnan key laboratory of wood adhesives and glue products; Southwest Forestry University; Kunming 650224 People's Republics of China
| | - Antonio Pizzi
- LERMAB, University of Lorraine 1; 27 Rue Philippe Seguin F-88000 Epinal France
- Department of Physics; King Abdulaziz University; Jeddah Saudi Arabia
| | - Guanben Du
- Yunnan key laboratory of wood adhesives and glue products; Southwest Forestry University; Kunming 650224 People's Republics of China
| | - Jizhi Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University; Beijing 100083 People's Republics of China
- LERMAB, University of Lorraine 1; 27 Rue Philippe Seguin F-88000 Epinal France
| | - Jun Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University; Beijing 100083 People's Republics of China
- LERMAB, University of Lorraine 1; 27 Rue Philippe Seguin F-88000 Epinal France
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Deng S, Du G, Li X, Xie X. Performance, Reaction Mechanism, and Characterization of Glyoxal–Monomethylol Urea (G–MMU) Resin. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie404278d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuduan Deng
- Yunnan
Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glue Products, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, P.R. China
- College
of Materials Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Guanben Du
- Yunnan
Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glue Products, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, P.R. China
| | - Xianghong Li
- Yunnan
Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glue Products, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, P.R. China
- School
of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoguang Xie
- School
of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P.R. China
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Pirayesh H, Khanjanzadeh H, Salari A. Effect of using walnut/almond shells on the physical, mechanical properties and formaldehyde emission of particleboard. COMPOSITES PART B: ENGINEERING 2013. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2012.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
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