1
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Bingol HB, Demir Duman F, Yagci Acar H, Yagci MB, Avci D. Redox-responsive phosphonate-functionalized poly(β-amino ester) gels and cryogels. Eur Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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2
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Guven M, Altuncu MS, Bal T, Oran DC, Gulyuz U, Kizilel S, Okay O, Avci D. Bisphosphonic Acid-Functionalized Cross-Linkers to Tailor Hydrogel Properties for Biomedical Applications. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:8638-8647. [PMID: 31458994 PMCID: PMC6644954 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Two bisphosphonic acid-functionalized cross-linkers (one novel) with different spacer chain characteristics were synthesized and incorporated into hydrogels by copolymerization with 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate at different ratios to control the hydrogels' swelling, mechanical properties, and ability to support mineralization for biomedical applications. The cross-linkers were synthesized by reaction of 2-isocyanatoethyl methacrylate and bisphosphonated diamines followed by selective dealkylation of the bisphosphonate ester groups. The hydrogels provide in vitro growth of carbonated apatite, morphology affected by the cross-linker structure. The hydrogels exhibit a high Young's modulus E (up to 400 kPa) and can sustain up to 10.2 ± 0.1 MPa compressive stresses. E and hence the cross-link density significantly increases upon mineralization reflecting the formation of many bisphosphonate BP-Ca2+ bonds acting as additional cross-links. Cyclic mechanical tests reveal self-recoverability of hydrogels because of reversible nature of BP-Ca2+ bonds. The results suggest that these cross-linkers can add calcium-binding abilities to hydrogels synthesized from any monomer and improve their mechanical, swelling, and mineralization properties and hence are potentially useful materials for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melek
N. Guven
- Department
of Chemistry, Bogazici University, Bebek, 34342 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Merve S. Altuncu
- Department
of Chemistry, Bogazici University, Bebek, 34342 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tugba Bal
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Dilem C. Oran
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Umit Gulyuz
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Processing Technologies, Kirklareli University, Luleburgaz, 39750 Kirklareli, Turkey
| | - Seda Kizilel
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Oguz Okay
- Department
of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Duygu Avci
- Department
of Chemistry, Bogazici University, Bebek, 34342 Istanbul, Turkey
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3
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Rwei SP, Chiang WY, Way TF, Tuan HNA, Chang YC. Study of theThermo-/pH-Sensitivity of Stereo-Controlled Poly( N-isopropylacrylamide-co-IAM) Copolymers via RAFT Polymerization. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10050512. [PMID: 30966546 PMCID: PMC6415441 DOI: 10.3390/polym10050512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, a smart copolymer, Poly(nipam-co-IAM) was synthesized by copolymerization of N-isopropylacrylamide (nipam) and itaconamic acid (IAM) through reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Poly(nipam-co-IAM) has been studied previously synthesized via radical polymerization without stereo-control, and this work used cumyl dithiobenzoate and Ytterbium(III) trifluoromethanesulfonate as RAFT and stereo-control agents, respectively. The stereo-control result in this work shows that tacticity affects the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) and/or the profile of phase separation of Poly(nipam-co-IAM). In the pH 7 and pH 10 buffer solutions, the P(nipam-co-IAM) copolymer solutions showed soluble–insoluble–soluble transitions, i.e., both LCST and upper critical solution temperature (UCST) transitions, which had not been found previously, and the insoluble to soluble transition (redissolved behavior) occurred at a relatively low temperature. The insoluble to soluble transition of P(nipam-co-IAM) in alkaline solution occurred at a temperature of less than 45 °C. However, the redissolved behavior of P(nipam-co-IAM) was found only in the pH 7 and pH 10 buffer solutions and this redissolved behavior was more prominent for the atactic copolymers than in the isotactic-rich ones. In addition, the LCST results under our experimental range of meso content did not show a significant difference between the isotactic-rich and the atactic P(nipam-co-IAM). Further study on the soluble-insoluble-soluble (S-I-S) transition and the application thereof for P(nipam-co-IAM) copolymers will be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syang-Peng Rwei
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials and Research and Development Center for Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Whe-Yi Chiang
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials and Research and Development Center for Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Tun-Fun Way
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials and Research and Development Center for Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Huynh Nguyen Anh Tuan
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials and Research and Development Center for Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Ya-Chin Chang
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials and Research and Development Center for Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
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4
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Wu W, Lin Z, Liu Y, Xu X, Ding C, Li J. Thermoresponsive hydrogels based on a phosphorylated star-shaped copolymer: mimicking the extracellular matrix for in situ bone repair. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:428-434. [DOI: 10.1039/c6tb02657e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A bioinspired hydrogel prepared using a star-polymer exhibits sol to gel transition to induce in situ biomineralization and facilitate cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Zaifu Lin
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Yanpeng Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Xinyuan Xu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Chunmei Ding
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Jianshu Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China
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5
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Zhang J, Muirhead B, Dodd M, Liu L, Xu F, Mangiacotte N, Hoare T, Sheardown H. An Injectable Hydrogel Prepared Using a PEG/Vitamin E Copolymer Facilitating Aqueous-Driven Gelation. Biomacromolecules 2016; 17:3648-3658. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b01148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, ‡School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Ben Muirhead
- Department of Chemical Engineering, ‡School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Megan Dodd
- Department of Chemical Engineering, ‡School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Lina Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, ‡School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Fei Xu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, ‡School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Nicole Mangiacotte
- Department of Chemical Engineering, ‡School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Todd Hoare
- Department of Chemical Engineering, ‡School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Heather Sheardown
- Department of Chemical Engineering, ‡School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
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6
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Saikia AK, Aggarwal S, Mandal UK. Electrically induced swelling and methylene blue release behaviour of poly (N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylamido-2-methylpropyl sulphonic acid) hydrogels. Colloid Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-015-3719-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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7
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Rwei SP, Way TF, Chang SM, Chiang WY, Lien YY. Thermo- and pH- responsive copolymers: Poly(n-Isopropylacrylamide-co-IAM) copolymers. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Syang-Peng Rwei
- Department of Molecular Science and Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology; Taipei, Taiwan Republic of China
| | - Tun-Fun Way
- Material and Chemical Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute; Taiwan Republic of China
| | - Shu-Mei Chang
- Department of Molecular Science and Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology; Taipei, Taiwan Republic of China
| | - Whe-Yi Chiang
- Department of Molecular Science and Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology; Taipei, Taiwan Republic of China
| | - Yi-Yin Lien
- Department of Molecular Science and Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology; Taipei, Taiwan Republic of China
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8
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Saadati K, Kabiri K, Marandi GB. Synthesis and Characterization of Phosphonic-Acrylic Organogels. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2013.854212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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9
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Ganesh VA, Baji A, Ramakrishna S. Smart functional polymers – a new route towards creating a sustainable environment. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra10631h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Smart functional polymers have gained a huge amount of interest in recent times due to their innumerable applications in areas including sensors, actuators, switchable wettability, bio-medical and environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Anand Ganesh
- Division of Engineering Product Development
- Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD)
- Singapore – 138682, Singapore
| | - Avinash Baji
- Division of Engineering Product Development
- Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD)
- Singapore – 138682, Singapore
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Center for Nanofibers & Nanotechnology
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore – 117576, Singapore
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10
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Shah R, Saha N, Kitano T, Saha P. Preparation of CaCO3-based biomineralized polyvinylpyrrolidone-carboxymethylcellulose hydrogels and their viscoelastic behavior. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.40237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rushita Shah
- Polymer Centre, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlin; nam. T. G. Masaryka 275 Zlin 762 72 Czech Republic
| | - Nabanita Saha
- Polymer Centre, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlin; nam. T. G. Masaryka 275 Zlin 762 72 Czech Republic
- Centre of Polymer Systems, University Institute; Tomas Bata University in Zlin; Nad Ovcirnou 3685 760 01 Zlin Czech Republic
| | - Takeshi Kitano
- Polymer Centre, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlin; nam. T. G. Masaryka 275 Zlin 762 72 Czech Republic
- Centre of Polymer Systems, University Institute; Tomas Bata University in Zlin; Nad Ovcirnou 3685 760 01 Zlin Czech Republic
| | - Petr Saha
- Polymer Centre, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlin; nam. T. G. Masaryka 275 Zlin 762 72 Czech Republic
- Centre of Polymer Systems, University Institute; Tomas Bata University in Zlin; Nad Ovcirnou 3685 760 01 Zlin Czech Republic
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11
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Lin Z, Cao S, Chen X, Wu W, Li J. Thermoresponsive hydrogels from phosphorylated ABA triblock copolymers: a potential scaffold for bone tissue engineering. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:2206-14. [PMID: 23763607 DOI: 10.1021/bm4003442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A series of thermoresponsive and biocompatible ABA triblock copolymers in which the outer A blocks comprise poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) and the central B block consists of O-phosphoethanolamine (PEA) grafted poly(acrylic acid) (PAA(PEA)) are achieved by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and subsequent modification. At a relatively low concentration (2 w/v% in phosphate buffered saline), the triblock copolymers can form free-standing gels at 37 °C. Using a combination of variable-temperature 1H NMR, dynamic light scattering, and rheological measurements, it is demonstrated that the gelation behavior is highly dependent on both the length of A blocks and the substitution degree of phosphate group. To examine the potential application as scaffold for bone tissue engineering, the physical gels are incubated in the simulated body fluid (SBF) for 2 weeks. Obvious nucleation and growth of hydroxyapatite are found in the gels, as indicated by the scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction measurements. The triblock copolymers also exhibit low cytotoxicity in cell viability test. Thus the triblock copolymers have great potential for bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaifu Lin
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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12
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Bleek K, Taubert A. New developments in polymer-controlled, bioinspired calcium phosphate mineralization from aqueous solution. Acta Biomater 2013; 9:6283-321. [PMID: 23291492 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2012.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The polymer-controlled and bioinspired precipitation of inorganic minerals from aqueous solution at near-ambient or physiological conditions avoiding high temperatures or organic solvents is a key research area in materials science. Polymer-controlled mineralization has been studied as a model for biomineralization and for the synthesis of (bioinspired and biocompatible) hybrid materials for a virtually unlimited number of applications. Calcium phosphate mineralization is of particular interest for bone and dental repair. Numerous studies have therefore addressed the mineralization of calcium phosphate using a wide variety of low- and high-molecular-weight additives. In spite of the growing interest and increasing number of experimental and theoretical data, the mechanisms of polymer-controlled calcium phosphate mineralization are not entirely clear to date, although the field has made significant progress in the last years. A set of elegant experiments and calculations has shed light on some details of mineral formation, but it is currently not possible to preprogram a mineralization reaction to yield a desired product for a specific application. The current article therefore summarizes and discusses the influence of (macro)molecular entities such as polymers, peptides, proteins and gels on biomimetic calcium phosphate mineralization from aqueous solution. It focuses on strategies to tune the kinetics, morphologies, final dimensions and crystal phases of calcium phosphate, as well as on mechanistic considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Bleek
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
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13
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Saikia AK, Aggarwal S, Mandal UK. Preparation and Controlled Drug Release Characteristics of Thermoresponsive PEG/Poly (NIPAM-co-AMPS) Hydrogels. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2012.664208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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14
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Swelling dynamics of poly(NIPAM-co-AMPS) hydrogels synthesized using PEG as macroinitiator: effect of AMPS content. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-012-0031-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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15
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Network structure and temperature dependence swelling behavior of PEG-b-Poly (NIPAM-co-AMPSA) hydrogels in water. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-012-9871-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Cabane E, Zhang X, Langowska K, Palivan CG, Meier W. Stimuli-responsive polymers and their applications in nanomedicine. Biointerphases 2012; 7:9. [PMID: 22589052 DOI: 10.1007/s13758-011-0009-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on smart nano-materials built of stimuli-responsive (SR) polymers and will discuss their numerous applications in the biomedical field. The authors will first provide an overview of different stimuli and their corresponding, responsive polymers. By introducing myriad functionalities, SR polymers present a wide range of possibilities in the design of stimuli-responsive devices, making use of virtually all types of polymer constructs, from self-assembled structures (micelles, vesicles) to surfaces (polymer brushes, films) as described in the second section of the review. In the last section of this review the authors report on some of the most promising applications of stimuli-responsive polymers in nanomedicine. In particular, we will discuss applications pertaining to diagnosis, where SR polymers are used to construct sensors capable of selective recognition and quantification of analytes and physical variables, as well as imaging devices. We will also highlight some examples of responsive systems used for therapeutic applications, including smart drug delivery systems (micelles, vesicles, dendrimers...) and surfaces for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Cabane
- Chemistry Department, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
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17
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Munro NH, McGrath KM. Hydrogels as biomimetic mineralisation scaffolds. BIOINSPIRED BIOMIMETIC AND NANOBIOMATERIALS 2012. [DOI: 10.1680/bbn.11.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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18
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Sun T, Qing G. Biomimetic smart interface materials for biological applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2011; 23:H57-H77. [PMID: 21433103 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201004326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the surface chemical and physical properties of materials and modulating the interfacial behaviors of biological entities, e.g., cells and biomolecules, are central tasks in the study of biomaterials. In this context, smart polymer interface materials have recently attracted much interest in biorelated applications and have broad prospects due to the excellent controllability of their surface properties by external stimuli. Among such materials, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) and its copolymer films are especially attractive due to their reversible hydrogen-bonding-mediated reversible phase transition, which mimics natural biological processes. This platform is promising for tuning surface properties or to introduce novel biofunctionalities via copolymerization with various functional units and/or combination with other materials. Important progress in this field in recent years is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taolei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Composite, Wuhan University of Technology, PR China.
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19
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Munro NH, Green DW, Dangerfield A, McGrath KM. Biomimetic mineralisation of polymeric scaffolds using a combined soaking and Kitano approach. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:9259-68. [DOI: 10.1039/c1dt11056j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Santos LEP, Hanamoto LS, Pereira RP, Rocco AM, Felisberti MI. Styrene/phosphonic acid copolymers: Synthesis and thermal, mechanical, and electrochemical characterization. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.32641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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21
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Kretlow JD, Hacker MC, Klouda L, Ma BB, Mikos AG. Synthesis and characterization of dual stimuli responsive macromers based on poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) and poly(vinylphosphonic acid). Biomacromolecules 2010; 11:797-805. [PMID: 20121076 DOI: 10.1021/bm9014182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Stimulus responsive materials hold great promise in biological applications as they can react to changes in physiological stimuli to produce a desired effect. Stimulus responsive macromers designed to respond to temperature changes at or around 37 degrees C and the presence of divalent cations were synthesized from N-isopropylacrylamide, pentaerythritol diacrylate monostearate, 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, and vinylphosphonic acid by free radical polymerization. Monomers were incorporated into the macromers in ratios approximating the molar feed ratios, and macromers underwent thermogelation around normal body temperature (36.2-40.5 degrees C) as determined by rheology and differential scanning calorimetry. Macromers containing vinylphosphonic acid interacted with calcium ions in solution, displaying decreased sol-gel transition temperatures (27.6-34.4 degrees C in 100 mM CaCl(2)), with decreases of greater magnitude observed for macromers with higher relative vinylphosphonic acid content. Critical micellar concentrations also decreased in a dose-dependent manner with increased vinylphosphonic acid incorporation in solutions with CaCl(2) but not in solutions with NaCl. These dually responsive macromers allow examination of the effect of increasing vinylphosphonic acid content in a macromer, which holds promise in biological applications such as drug and cell delivery or tissue engineering due to the macromer responsiveness at physiological temperatures and concentrations of calcium.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Kretlow
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, PO Box 1892, MS 142, Houston, Texas 77251-1892, USA
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