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Kao YC, Lin JY, Chen WC, Gamal Mohamed M, Huang CF, Chen JH, Kuo SW. High-Thermal Stable Epoxy Resin through Blending Nanoarchitectonics with Double-Decker-Shaped Polyhedral Silsesquioxane-Functionalized Benzoxazine Derivatives. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 16:112. [PMID: 38201777 PMCID: PMC10780953 DOI: 10.3390/polym16010112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
A series of di-functional benzoxazine (BZ) monomers was synthesized, specifically the double-decker silsesquioxane (DDSQ) cage structure (DDSQ-BZ). Comparative analyses were conducted between DDSQ-BZ monomers and the most commonly utilized bisphenol A-functionalized bifunctional benzoxazine (BPA-BZ) monomer. DDSQ-BZ compounds possess better thermal properties such as high char yield and high thermal decomposition temperature (Td10) after thermal ring-opening polymerization (ROP) because the inorganic DDSQ cage nanostructure features a nano-reinforcement effect. In addition, blending inorganic DDSQ-BZ compounds with epoxy resin was explored to form organic/inorganic hybrids with enhanced thermal and mechanical properties following thermal ROP. The improvement in mechanical properties is primarily attributed to the network structure formed by the cross-linking between DDSQ-BZ and the epoxy resin during thermal ROP, as well as hydrogen bonding interactions formed between the hydroxyl groups generated during thermal ROP and the Si-O-Si bonds in the DDSQ structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Chin Kao
- Department of Materials and Optoelectronic Science, Center for Functional Polymers and Supramolecular Materials, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan; (Y.-C.K.); (W.-C.C.); (M.G.M.)
| | - Jing-Yu Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Kaohsiung 80201, Taiwan;
| | - Wei-Cheng Chen
- Department of Materials and Optoelectronic Science, Center for Functional Polymers and Supramolecular Materials, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan; (Y.-C.K.); (W.-C.C.); (M.G.M.)
| | - Mohamed Gamal Mohamed
- Department of Materials and Optoelectronic Science, Center for Functional Polymers and Supramolecular Materials, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan; (Y.-C.K.); (W.-C.C.); (M.G.M.)
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Chih-Feng Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, i-Center for Advanced Science and Technology (iCAST), National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan;
| | - Jung-Hui Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Kaohsiung 80201, Taiwan;
| | - Shiao-Wei Kuo
- Department of Materials and Optoelectronic Science, Center for Functional Polymers and Supramolecular Materials, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan; (Y.-C.K.); (W.-C.C.); (M.G.M.)
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
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Liu L, Wang F, Zhu Y, Qi H. Study on properties of copolymers based on different types of benzoxazines and branched epoxy resins. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/09540083221125862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies on linear epoxy (bisphenol A epoxy) resin/benzoxazine composites showed that with the addition of epoxy (EP) resin, the resulting copolymers exhibited an increased glass transition temperature ( Tg) ( Tg reached a maximum value at a specific content), improved flexural strength, lower heat resistance, and reduced tensile strength. Herein, branched EP resin (AG-80)/benzoxazine copolymers featuring novolac (N-box) and siloxane (Si-box) chains were prepared without any external curing agent. In both systems, the EP resin endowed the copolymers with an increased crosslinking density; however, Tg continued to increase with increasing EP content. In addition, the heat resistance of the copolymers gradually enhanced. Different types of benzoxazines have various effects on the properties of copolymers. In terms of mechanical properties, AG-80/N-box copolymers exhibited brittle fracture characteristics; with increasing EP content, the flexural strength of the copolymer decreased while the tensile strength increased. AG-80/Si-box copolymers exhibited ductile fracture characteristics, with gradual increases in flexural and tensile strengths. Furthermore, with increasing EP content, the molecular chain migration ability and network homogeneity of the AG-80/N-box copolymers decreased gradually. Alternatively, in the case of the AG-80/Si-box copolymers, the molecular chain migration ability remained unchanged and network homogeneity improved. Hence, the developed copolymers can be used as resin matrices for the fabrication of advanced composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lele Liu
- Key Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaping Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Huimin Qi
- Key Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, China
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Double-Decker-Shaped Polyhedral Silsesquioxanes Reinforced Epoxy/Bismaleimide Hybrids Featuring High Thermal Stability. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14122380. [PMID: 35745957 PMCID: PMC9229952 DOI: 10.3390/polym14122380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we synthesized bismaleimide into a functionalized double-decker silsesquioxane (DDSQ) cage. This was achieved by hydrosilylation of DDSQ with nadic anhydride (ND), reacting it with excess p-phenylenediamine to obtain DDSQ-ND-NH2, and treating with maleic anhydride (MA), which finally created a DDSQ-BMI cage structure. We observed that the thermal decomposition temperature (Td) and char yield were both increased upon increasing the thermal polymerization temperature, and that these two values were both significantly higher than pure BMI without the DDSQ cage structure since the inorganic DDSQ nanoparticle could strongly enhance the thermal stability based on the nano-reinforcement effect. Based on FTIR, TGA, and DMA analyses, it was found that blending epoxy resin with the DDSQ-BMI cage to form epoxy/DDSQ-BMI hybrids could also enhance the thermal and mechanical properties of epoxy resin due to the organic/inorganic network formation created by the ring-opening polymerization of the epoxy group and the addition polymerization of the BMI group due to the combination of the inorganic DDSQ cage structure and hydrogen bonding effect. The epoxy/DDSQ-BMI = 1/1 hybrid system displayed high Tg value (188 °C), Td value (397 °C), and char yield (40.4 wt%), which was much higher than that of the typical DGEBA type epoxy resin with various organic curing agents.
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Budy SM, Wey A, Wu A, Son DY. Synthesis and characterization of phenylated phenylenediamine and bisphenol
a
diglycidyl ether epoxy networks. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M. Budy
- Department of Chemistry Southern Methodist University Dallas Texas USA
| | - Anderson Wey
- Department of Chemistry Southern Methodist University Dallas Texas USA
| | - Angelina Wu
- Department of Chemistry Southern Methodist University Dallas Texas USA
| | - David Y. Son
- Department of Chemistry Southern Methodist University Dallas Texas USA
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Ren S, Zhang S, Zhao W, Wang W, Miao X, Song W. Synthesis and curing of amino‐containing benzoxazine as a novel hardener for diglycidyl ether of bisphenol‐A. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shitong Ren
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringShijiazhuang Tiedao University Shijiazhuang 050043 People's Republic of China
- Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Traffic Engineering Materials Shijiazhuang 050043 People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoyue Zhang
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringShijiazhuang Tiedao University Shijiazhuang 050043 People's Republic of China
| | - Weibo Zhao
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringShijiazhuang Tiedao University Shijiazhuang 050043 People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringShijiazhuang Tiedao University Shijiazhuang 050043 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyan Miao
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringShijiazhuang Tiedao University Shijiazhuang 050043 People's Republic of China
| | - Wanqiang Song
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringShijiazhuang Tiedao University Shijiazhuang 050043 People's Republic of China
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Su WC, Tsai FC, Huang CF, Dai L, Kuo SW. Flexible Epoxy Resins Formed by Blending with the Diblock Copolymer PEO- b-PCL and Using a Hydrogen-Bonding Benzoxazine as the Curing Agent. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E201. [PMID: 30960184 PMCID: PMC6418520 DOI: 10.3390/polym11020201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we enhanced the toughness of epoxy resin by blending it with the diblock copolymer poly(ethylene oxide⁻b⁻ε-caprolactone) (PEO-b-PCL) with a benzoxazine monomer (PA-OH) as the thermal curing agent. After thermal curing, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed that intermolecular hydrogen bonding existed between the OH units of the epoxy⁻benzoxazine copolymer and the C⁻O⁻C (C=O) units of the PEO (PCL) segment. Differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical analysis revealed that the glass transition temperature and storage modulus of the epoxy⁻benzoxazine matrix decreased significantly upon increasing the concentration of PEO-b-PCL. The Kwei equation predicted a positive value of q, consistent with intermolecular hydrogen bonding in this epoxy⁻benzoxazine/PEO-b-PCL blend system. Scanning electron microscopy revealed a wormlike structure with a high aspect ratio for PEO-b-PCL as the dispersed phase in the epoxy⁻benzoxazine matrix; this structure was responsible for the improved toughness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chen Su
- Department of Materials and Optoelectronic Science, Center of Crystal Research, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan.
| | - Fang-Chang Tsai
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials (Ministry of Education), Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Chih-Feng Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung 402-27, Taiwan.
| | - Lizong Dai
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China.
| | - Shiao-Wei Kuo
- Department of Materials and Optoelectronic Science, Center of Crystal Research, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan.
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
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Chen CH, Lee KW, Lin CH, Ho MJ, Hsu MF, Hsiang SJ, Huang NK, Juang TY. High-T g, Low-Dielectric Epoxy Thermosets Derived from Methacrylate-Containing Polyimides. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 10:E27. [PMID: 30966063 PMCID: PMC6415097 DOI: 10.3390/polym10010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Three methacrylate-containing polyimides (Px⁻MMA; x = 1⁻3) were prepared from the esterification of hydroxyl-containing polyimides (Px⁻OH; x = 1⁻3) with methacrylic anhydride. Px⁻MMA exhibits active ester linkages (Ph⁻O⁻C(=O)⁻) that can react with epoxy in the presence of 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP), so Px⁻MMA acted as a curing agent for a dicyclopentadiene-phenol epoxy (HP7200) to prepare epoxy thermosets (Px⁻MMA/HP7200; x = 1⁻3) thermosets. For property comparisons, P1⁻OH/HP7200 thermosets were also prepared. The reaction between active ester and epoxy results in an ester linkage, which is less polar than secondary alcohol resulting from the reaction between phenolic OH and epoxy, so P1⁻MMA/HP7200 are more hydrophobic and exhibit better dielectric properties than P1⁻OH/HP7200. The double bond of methacrylate can cure at higher temperatures, leading to epoxy thermosets with a high-Tg and moderate-to-low dielectric properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Han Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
| | - Kuan-Wei Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
| | - Ching-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Jaan Ho
- Zhen Ding Technology Holding Limited, Taoyuan 33754, Taiwan.
| | - Mao-Feng Hsu
- Department of Cosmeceutics, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
| | - Shou-Jui Hsiang
- Zhen Ding Technology Holding Limited, Taoyuan 33754, Taiwan.
| | - Nan-Kun Huang
- Zhen Ding Technology Holding Limited, Taoyuan 33754, Taiwan.
| | - Tzong-Yuan Juang
- Department of Cosmeceutics, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
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Mohamed MG, Kuo SW. Polybenzoxazine/Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane (POSS) Nanocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2016; 8:polym8060225. [PMID: 30979318 PMCID: PMC6432328 DOI: 10.3390/polym8060225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The organic/inorganic hybrid materials from polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS, inorganic nanoparticles) and polybenzoxazine (PBZ) have received much interesting recently due to their excellent thermal and mechanical properties, flame retardance, low dielectric constant, well-defined inorganic framework at nanosized scale level, and higher performance relative to those of non-hybrid PBZs. This review describes the synthesis, dielectric constants, and thermal, rheological, and mechanical properties of covalently bonded mono- and multifunctionalized benzoxazine POSS hybrids, other functionalized benzoxazine POSS derivatives, and non-covalently (hydrogen) bonded benzoxazine POSS composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Gamal Mohamed
- Department of Materials and Optoelectronic Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.
| | - Shiao-Wei Kuo
- Department of Materials and Optoelectronic Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.
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