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Hsiao CH, Huang CC, Kuo CFJ, Ahmad N. Integration of Multivariate Statistical Control Chart and Machine Learning to Identify the Abnormal Process Parameters for Polylactide with Glass Fiber Composites in Injection Molding; Part I: The Processing Parameter Optimization for Multiple Qualities of Polylactide/Glass Fiber Composites in Injection Molding. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3018. [PMID: 37514408 PMCID: PMC10383581 DOI: 10.3390/polym15143018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper discusses the mixing of polylactide (PLA) and glass fiber which use injection molding to produce a functional composite material with glass fiber properties. The injection molding process explores the influence of glass fiber ratio, melt temperature, injection speed, packing pressure, packing time and cooling time on the mechanical properties of composite. Using the orthogonal table planning experiment of the Taguchi method, the optimal parameter level combination of a single quality process is obtained through main effect analysis (MEA) and Analysis of variance (ANOVA). Then, the optimal parameter level combination of multiple qualities is obtained through principal component analysis (PCA) and data envelopment analysis (DEA), respectively. It is observed that if all the quality characteristics of tensile strength, hardness, impact strength and bending strength are considered at the same time, the optimal process conditions are glass fiber addition 20 wt %, melt temperature 185 °C, injection speed 80 mm/s, holding pressure 60 MPa, holding time 1 s and cooling time 15 s, and the corresponding mechanical properties are tensile strength 95.04 MPa, hardness 86.52 Shore D, impact strength 4.4408 J/cm2, bending strength 119.89 MPa. This study effectively enhances multiple qualities of PLA/GF composite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Hao Hsiao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Chiun Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Feng Jeffrey Kuo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Naveed Ahmad
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
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Ng W, Chow W, Ismail H. Tensile, thermal and optical properties of poly(lactic acid)/poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline)/corn cob nanocellulose nanocomposite film. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2021.1976204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- W.K. Ng
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - W.S. Chow
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - H. Ismail
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia
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Seo YR, Bae SU, Gwon J, Wu Q, Kim BJ. Effects of Methylenediphenyl 4,4'-Diisocyanate and Maleic Anhydride as Coupling Agents on the Properties of Polylactic Acid/Polybutylene Succinate/Wood Flour Biocomposites by Reactive Extrusion. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E1660. [PMID: 32260134 PMCID: PMC7178421 DOI: 10.3390/ma13071660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Polylactic acid (PLA)/polybutylene succinate (PBS)/wood flour (WF) biocomposites were fabricated by in situ reactive extrusion with coupling agents. Methylenediphenyl 4,4'-diisocyanate (MDI) and maleic anhydride (MA) were used as coupling agents. To evaluate the effects of MDI and MA, various properties (i.e., interfacial adhesion, mechanical, thermal, and viscoelastic properties) were investigated. PLA/PBS/WF biocomposites without coupling agents revealed poor interfacial adhesion leading to deteriorated properties. However, the incorporation of MDI and/or MA into biocomposites showed high performances by increasing interfacial adhesion. For instance, the incorporation of MDI resulted in improved tensile, flexural, and impact strengths and an increase in tensile and flexural modulus was observed by the incorporation of MA. Specially, remarkably improved thermal stability was found in the PLA/PBS/WF biocomposites with 1 phr MDI and 1 phr MA. Also, the addition of MDI or MA into biocomposites increased the glass transition temperature and crystallinity, respectively. For viscoelastic property, the PLA/PBS/WF biocomposites with 1 phr MDI and 1 phr MA achieved significant enhancement in storage modulus compared to biocomposites without coupling agents. Therefore, the most balanced performances were evident in the PLA/PBS/WF biocomposites with the hybrid incorporation of small quantities of MDI and MA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Rok Seo
- Department of Forest Products and Biotechnology, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Korea; (Y.-R.S.); (S.-U.B.)
- Wood Chemistry Division, National Institute of Forest Science, Seoul 02455, Korea;
| | - Sang-U Bae
- Department of Forest Products and Biotechnology, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Korea; (Y.-R.S.); (S.-U.B.)
| | - Jaegyoung Gwon
- Wood Chemistry Division, National Institute of Forest Science, Seoul 02455, Korea;
| | - Qinglin Wu
- School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA;
| | - Birm-June Kim
- Department of Forest Products and Biotechnology, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Korea; (Y.-R.S.); (S.-U.B.)
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Sangeetha VH, Varghese TO, Nayak SK. Isolation and characterisation of nanofibrillated cellulose from waste cotton: effects on thermo-mechanical properties of polylactic acid/MA-g-SEBS blends. IRANIAN POLYMER JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13726-019-00733-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Sari B, Kaynak C. Effects of Montmorillonite Content and Maleic Anhydride Compatibilization on the Mechanical Behavior of Polylactide Nanocomposites. INT POLYM PROC 2016. [DOI: 10.3139/217.3226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the effects of montmorillonite (MMT) type nanoclay content and maleic anhydride (MA) grafted polylactide (PLA) copolymer compatibilization on the mechanical properties of PLA nanocomposites; compounded by twin-screw extrusion melt-mixing followed with injection molding for shaping of bulk specimens. Successively intercalated and exfoliated structures of the nanocomposites were observed by XRD and TEM analysis, including the chemical interactions by FTIR. Mechanical tests indicated that use of only 1 wt% MMT resulted in significant improvements in many mechanical properties of PLA. Increases were only 14 % in flexural modulus and 7 % in flexural strength, but more than 6 times in ductility and as much as 85 % in fracture toughness values. After MA compatibilization these improvements were much enormous, being more than 22 times in ductility and 119 % in fracture toughness.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Sari
- 1Polymer Science and Technology Department, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - C. Kaynak
- 2Materials and Metallurgical Engineering Department, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
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Sangeetha V, Varghese T, Nayak S. Toughening of polylactic acid using styrene ethylene butylene styrene: Mechanical, thermal, and morphological studies. POLYM ENG SCI 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V.H. Sangeetha
- Centre for Biopolymer Science and Technology; Eloor, Udyogamandal, Kochi 683501 Kerala India
| | - T.O. Varghese
- Centre for Biopolymer Science and Technology; Eloor, Udyogamandal, Kochi 683501 Kerala India
| | - S.K. Nayak
- Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology (CIPET); T.V.K. Industrial Estate; Guindy Chennai 600032 Tamil Nadu India
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Sangeetha VH, Valapa RB, Nayak SK, Varghese TO. Super toughened renewable poly(lactic acid) based ternary blends system: effect of degree of hydrolysis of ethylene vinyl acetate on impact and thermal properties. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra13366e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Effect of hydrolysed EVA on PLA ternary blend systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. H. Sangeetha
- Centre for Biopolymer Science and Technology (CBPST)
- Kochi
- India
| | | | - S. K. Nayak
- Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology (CIPET)
- Chennai-600032
- India
| | - T. O. Varghese
- Centre for Biopolymer Science and Technology (CBPST)
- Kochi
- India
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Teoh E, Mariatti M, Chow W. Thermal and Flame Resistant Properties of Poly (Lactic Acid)/Poly (Methyl Methacrylate) Blends Containing Halogen-free Flame Retardant. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.proche.2016.03.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Structure, properties and rheological behavior of thermoplastic poly(lactic acid)/quaternary fulvic acid-intercalated saponite nanocomposites. Polym Bull (Berl) 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-015-1532-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Cumkur EA, Baouz T, Yilmazer U. Poly(lactic acid)-layered silicate nanocomposites: The effects of modifier and compatibilizer on the morphology and mechanical properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eda Acik Cumkur
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Middle East Technical University; Ankara 06800 Turkey
| | - Touffik Baouz
- Laboratoire des Matériaux Organiques (LMO); Département de Génie des Procédés; Faculté de Technologie; Université de Bejaia; Bejaia 06000 Algeria
| | - Ulku Yilmazer
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Middle East Technical University; Ankara 06800 Turkey
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11
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Baouz T, Acik E, Rezgui F, Yilmazer U. Effects of mixing protocols on impact modified poly(lactic acid) layered silicate nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.41518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Touffik Baouz
- Laboratoire des Matériaux Organiques, Faculté de Technologie, Département de Génie des Procédés, Université Abderrahmane Mira; Béjaia 06000 Algeria
| | - Eda Acik
- Chemical Engineering Department; Middle East Technical University; 06800 Ankara Turkey
| | - Farouk Rezgui
- Laboratoire des Matériaux Organiques, Faculté de Technologie, Département de Génie des Procédés, Université Abderrahmane Mira; Béjaia 06000 Algeria
| | - Ulku Yilmazer
- Chemical Engineering Department; Middle East Technical University; 06800 Ankara Turkey
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12
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Zhang S, Liu Q, Cheng H, Li X, Zeng F, Frost RL. Intercalation of dodecylamine into kaolinite and its layering structure investigated by molecular dynamics simulation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2014; 430:345-50. [PMID: 24974247 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2014.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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13
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Chow WS, Teoh EL. Flexible and flame resistant poly(lactic acid)/organomontmorillonite nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.41253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Shyang Chow
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering; Universiti Sains Malaysia; 14300 Penang Malaysia
| | - Ee Lian Teoh
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering; Universiti Sains Malaysia; 14300 Penang Malaysia
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Tham WL, Mohd Ishak ZA, Chow WS. Mechanical and Thermal Properties Enhancement of Poly(Lactic Acid)/Halloysite Nanocomposites by Maleic-Anhydride Functionalized Rubber. J MACROMOL SCI B 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348.2013.839314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Yadav SK, Mahapatra SS, Cho JW. Tailored dielectric and mechanical properties of noncovalently functionalized carbon nanotube/poly(styrene-b-(ethylene-co-butylene)-b-styrene) nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.38938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Jiang J, Su L, Zhang K, Wu G. Rubber-toughened PLA blends with low thermal expansion. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.38642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Baouz T, Rezgui F, Yilmazer U. Ethylene-methyl acrylate-glycidyl methacrylate toughened poly(lactic acid) nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.38529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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