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Yeoh GH, De Cachinho Cordeiro IM, Wang W, Wang C, Yuen ACY, Chen TBY, Vargas JB, Mao G, Garbe U, Chua HT. Carbon-based Flame Retardants for Polymers: A Bottom-up Review. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2403835. [PMID: 38814633 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202403835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
This state-of-the-art review is geared toward elucidating the molecular understanding of the carbon-based flame-retardant mechanisms for polymers via holistic characterization combining detailed analytical assessments and computational material science. The use of carbon-based flame retardants, which include graphite, graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon dots (CDs), and fullerenes, in their pure and functionalized forms are initially reviewed to evaluate their flame retardancy performance and to determine their elevation of the flammability resistance on various types of polymers. The early transition metal carbides such as MXenes, regarded as next-generation carbon-based flame retardants, are discussed with respect to their superior flame retardancy and multifunctional applications. At the core of this review is the utilization of cutting-edge molecular dynamics (MD) simulations which sets a precedence of an alternative bottom-up approach to fill the knowledge gap through insights into the thermal resisting process of the carbon-based flame retardants, such as the formation of carbonaceous char and intermediate chemical reactions offered by the unique carbon bonding arrangements and microscopic in-situ architectures. Combining MD simulations with detailed experimental assessments and characterization, a more targeted development as well as a systematic material synthesis framework can be realized for the future development of advanced flame-retardant polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan Heng Yeoh
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Kirrawee DC, Sydney, NSW, 2232, Australia
| | | | - Wei Wang
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Cheng Wang
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Anthony Chun Yin Yuen
- Department of Building Environment and Energy Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Timothy Bo Yuan Chen
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Juan Baena Vargas
- Commonwealth Science Industry Research Organisation (CSIRO), North Ryde, Sydney, NSW, 2113, Australia
| | - Guangzhao Mao
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Ulf Garbe
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Kirrawee DC, Sydney, NSW, 2232, Australia
| | - Hui Tong Chua
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
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2
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Tomiak F, Zitzmann M, Drummer D. A Multi-Material Flame-Retarding System Based on Expandable Graphite for Glass-Fiber-Reinforced PA6. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4100. [PMID: 37896344 PMCID: PMC10610593 DOI: 10.3390/polym15204100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A synergistic multi-material flame retardant system based on expandable graphite (EG), aluminum diethylphosphinate (AlPi), melamine polyphosphate (MPP), and montmorillonite (MMT) has been studied in glass-fiber-reinforced polyamide 6 (PA6). Analytical evaluations and fire performances were evaluated using coupled thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) as well as cone calorimetry, UL-94 fire testing, and limiting oxygen index (LOI). A combination of EG/AlPi/MPP/MMT has been shown to provide superior flame-retarding properties when integrated at 20 wt.% into glass-fiber-reinforced PA6 (25 wt.%), achieving UL-94 V0 classification and an oxygen index of 32%. Strong residue formation resulted in low heat development overall, with a peak heat release rate (pHRR) of 103 kW/m2, a maximum of average heat release rate (MAHRE) of 33 kW/m2, and deficient total smoke production (TSP) of 3.8 m2. Particularly remarkable was the structural stability of the char residue. The char residue could easily withstand an areal weight of 35 g/cm2, showing no visible deformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Tomiak
- Institute of Polymer Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürmberg, Am Weichselgarten 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (M.Z.)
- Bavarian Polymer Institute, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Dr. Mack Strasse 77, 90762 Fuerth, Germany
| | - Melanie Zitzmann
- Institute of Polymer Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürmberg, Am Weichselgarten 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (M.Z.)
- Bavarian Polymer Institute, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Dr. Mack Strasse 77, 90762 Fuerth, Germany
| | - Dietmar Drummer
- Institute of Polymer Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürmberg, Am Weichselgarten 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (M.Z.)
- Bavarian Polymer Institute, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Dr. Mack Strasse 77, 90762 Fuerth, Germany
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3
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Zhao C, Jiang Y, Liu Z, Peng H, Esmaeili N. Synergistic action of expandable graphite on fire safety of a self‐intumescent flame retardant epoxy resin. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng‐Shou Zhao
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu China
| | - Yi‐Song Jiang
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu China
| | - Zhuang‐Yuan Liu
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu China
| | - Hua‐Qiao Peng
- Civil Aviation Fuel & Chemical Airworthiness Certification Center the Second Research Institute of Civil Aviation Administration of China Chengdu China
| | - Nima Esmaeili
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering Luleå University of Technology Luleå Sweden
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4
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Tomiak F, Drummer D. The Impact of β-Radiation Crosslinking on Flammability Properties of PA6 Modified by Commercially Available Flame-Retardant Additives. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14153168. [PMID: 35956684 PMCID: PMC9371137 DOI: 10.3390/polym14153168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A comparative study was conducted investigating the influence of β-radiation crosslinking (β-RC) on the fire behavior of flame retardant-modified polyamide 6 (PA6). In order to provide a comprehensive overview, a variety of commercially available flame-retardant additives were investigated, exhibiting different flame retarding actions such as delusion, char formation, intumescence and flame poisoning. This study focused on the identification of differences in the influence of β-RC on fire behavior. Coupled thermal gravimetrical analysis (TGA) and Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to conduct changes within the decomposition processes. Dynamic thermal analysis (DTA) was used to identify structural stability limits and fire testing was conducted using the limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical UL-94 and cone calorimeter testing. Crosslinking was found to substantially change the fire behavior observed, whereas the observed phenomena were exclusively physical for the given formulations studied: warpage, char residue destruction and anti-dripping. Despite these phenomena being observed for all β-RC formulations, the impact on fire resistivity properties were found to be very different. However, the overall fire protection properties measured in UL-94 fire tests were found to deteriorate for β-RC formulations. Only β-RC formulations based on PA6/EG were found to achieve a UL-94 V0 classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Tomiak
- Institute of Polymer Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Am Weichselgarten 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany;
- Bavarian Polymer Institute, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Dr. Mack Strasse 77, 90762 Fuerth, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Dietmar Drummer
- Institute of Polymer Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Am Weichselgarten 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany;
- Bavarian Polymer Institute, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Dr. Mack Strasse 77, 90762 Fuerth, Germany
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Marset D, Fages E, Gonga E, Ivorra-Martinez J, Sánchez-Nacher L, Quiles-Carrillo L. Development and Characterization of High Environmentally Friendly Composites of Bio-Based Polyamide 1010 with Enhanced Fire Retardancy Properties by Expandable Graphite. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14091843. [PMID: 35567012 PMCID: PMC9103054 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Bio-based polyamide 1010 was melt-compounded with different percentages (2.5 to 10.0 wt.%) of expandable graphite (EGr) as an environmentally friendly solution to improve the flame retardancy properties. The mechanical, morphological, thermal and fire retardancy properties (among others) are analysed. The novelty of the article lies in the use of fully removable polyamide. The effect of the incorporation of EGr in the properties of this polymer was analysed and characterised. The incorporation of EGr into the PA1010 matrix led to very promising results. Mechanically, the EGr provided increased stiffness and a tensile strength up to 7.5 wt.%, verifying good mechanical performance. The DMTA results also show how the incorporation of EGr in the PA1010 matrix clearly increases the stiffness of the composites over the entire temperature range analysed. In terms of physical properties, water absorption of PA1010 was reduced particularly in the 10% EGr, which reduces the water absorption of PA1010 by 20%. In terms of flame retardant properties, with the incorporation of EGr, a significant reduction in the heat release rate (HRR) values as the concentration of the additive increases and a reduction in the maximum peak heat release rate (pHRR) can be observed for all compounds. In particular, it goes from 934 kW/m2 for neat polyamide to a value of 374 kW/m2 with 10% EGr. Finally, an improvement in the UL-94 rating of the 7.5 and 10% EGr composites was also observed, going from V-2 in the PA to V-1 in these composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Marset
- Textile Industry Research Association (AITEX), Plaza Emilio Sala 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (D.M.); (E.F.); (E.G.)
| | - Eduardo Fages
- Textile Industry Research Association (AITEX), Plaza Emilio Sala 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (D.M.); (E.F.); (E.G.)
| | - Eloi Gonga
- Textile Industry Research Association (AITEX), Plaza Emilio Sala 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (D.M.); (E.F.); (E.G.)
| | - Juan Ivorra-Martinez
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (L.S.-N.); (L.Q.-C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-966-528-433
| | - Lourdes Sánchez-Nacher
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (L.S.-N.); (L.Q.-C.)
| | - Luis Quiles-Carrillo
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (L.S.-N.); (L.Q.-C.)
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Tomiak F, Schneider K, Schoeffel A, Rathberger K, Drummer D. Expandable Graphite as a Multifunctional Flame-Retarding Additive for Highly Filled Thermal Conductive Polymer Formulations. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14081613. [PMID: 35458364 PMCID: PMC9031968 DOI: 10.3390/polym14081613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Expandable graphite (EG) and graphite (G) were assessed as multifunctional additives improving both flame retardancy and thermal conductivity in highly filled, thermal conductive polymeric materials based on polyamide 6 (PA6). Fire testing was conducted using modern UL-94, LOI and cone calorimeter test setups. It is demonstrated that thermal conductivity can significantly influence the time to ignition, although offering little fire resistance once ignited even in highly filled systems. Thus, for PA6 formulations containing solely 70 wt.% G, the peak heat release rate (pHRR) measured in cone calorimeter tests was 193 kW/m², whereas PA6 formulations containing 20 wt.% EG/50 wt.% G did not exhibit a measurable heat development. Particular attention was paid to effect separation between thermal conductivity and residue formation. Good thermal conductivity properties are proven to be particularly effective in test scenarios where the heat impact is comparatively low and the testing environment provides good heat dissipation and convective cooling possibilities. For candle-like ignition scenarios (e.g., LOI), filling levels of >50 wt.% (G or EG/G) are shown to be sufficient to suppress ignition exclusively by thermal conductivity. V0 classifications in UL-94 vertical burning tests were achieved for PA6 formulations containing ≥70 wt.% G, ≥25 wt.% EG and ≥20 wt.% EG/25 wt.% G.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Tomiak
- Institute of Polymer Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Am Weichselgarten 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (K.S.); (D.D.)
- Bavarian Polymer Institute, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Dr. Mack Strasse 77, 90762 Fuerth, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Kevin Schneider
- Institute of Polymer Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Am Weichselgarten 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (K.S.); (D.D.)
| | - Angelina Schoeffel
- Georg H. Luh GmbH, Schoene Aussicht 39, 65396 Walluf, Germany; (A.S.); (K.R.)
| | - Klaus Rathberger
- Georg H. Luh GmbH, Schoene Aussicht 39, 65396 Walluf, Germany; (A.S.); (K.R.)
| | - Dietmar Drummer
- Institute of Polymer Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Am Weichselgarten 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (K.S.); (D.D.)
- Bavarian Polymer Institute, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Dr. Mack Strasse 77, 90762 Fuerth, Germany
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7
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Bachinger A, Sandinge A, Lindqvist KM, Strid A, Gong G. Systematic evaluation of bromine‐free flame‐retardant systems in
acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anna Strid
- RISE Research Institutes of Sweden AB Stockholm Sweden
| | - Guan Gong
- RISE Research Institutes of Sweden AB Öjebyn Sweden
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8
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Expandable Graphite, Aluminum Diethylphospinate and Melamine Polyphosphate as Flame Retarding System in Glass Fiber-Reinforced PA6. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14061263. [PMID: 35335591 PMCID: PMC8951083 DOI: 10.3390/polym14061263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A flame retardant system based on expandable graphite (EG), aluminum diethylphosphinate (AlPI) and melamine polyphosphate (MPP) was investigated in glass fiber- (GF) reinforced polyamide 6 (PA6). Burning characteristics were evaluated via cone calorimeter, limiting oxygen index (LOI) and UL-94 tests. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and coupled Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to investigate the decomposition process as well as flame retardant modes of actions. Specifically, in the cone calorimeter tests, formulations containing EG showed excellent flame retardant properties for non-reinforced and reinforced PA6. The best performance was achieved for 25 wt.% glass fiber-reinforced PA6 containing solely 20 wt.% EG, corresponding to a measured pHRR of 134 kW/m2 and a total smoke production of 1.2 m2. Higher glass fiber contents of 45 wt.% (30 vol.%) revealed a lower char volume, which was attributed to both the limited space available for expansion and the sheer-induced reduction in particle size during processing. All of the reinforced PA6 formulations only achieved V2 classifications, but this was at low filling degrees (10 wt.%) for both net EG or EG/AlPi/MPP combinations. For GF-reinforced PA6 containing EG/AlPi/MPP mixtures, a synergistic effect was found to improve the oxygen index up to 30.6%.
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9
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Expandable Graphite for Flame Retardant PA6 Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13162733. [PMID: 34451272 PMCID: PMC8400737 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A new expandable graphite (EG) type was studied as a flame retardant additive in Polyamide 6 (PA6). The fire behavior was characterized by a cone calorimeter using external heat fluxes of 35, 50 and 65 kW/m2, limiting the oxygen index (LOI) and UL-94 burning tests. Additionally, electric and thermal conductivity as well as rheological properties were characterized to provide a general property overview. Fire tests were conducted using dry and humid conditioned samples. Cone Calorimeter tests showed a minimum filling degree of 15 wt.% (8.6 vol.%) EG was required to achieve a significant fire inhibiting effect in PA6 independent of the sample condition. UL-94 fire tests show a V0 classification at filling degrees greater than 20 wt.% (humid) and 25 wt.% (dry), although the associated LOI values of 39% and 38% demonstrate good flammability inhibition. Correlation analyses were conducted to identify major influences given by the sample condition for most important key figures measured in cone calorimeter tests. Accordingly, humid-conditioned samples containing between 2.5 (PA6 + 25 wt.% EG) and 4.2 wt.% (PA6) water were found to reduce the total heat evolved (THE) on average by 16% and the total smoke production (TSP) on average by 22%.
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10
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A Synergistic Flame Retardant System Based on Expandable Graphite, Aluminum (Diethyl-)Polyphospinate and Melamine Polyphosphate for Polyamide 6. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13162712. [PMID: 34451250 PMCID: PMC8400679 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Expandable graphite (EG), aluminum (diethyl)polyphosphinate (AlPi) and melamine polyphophate (MPP) was used as flame retardant multi-material additive in a polyamide 6 (PA6) matrix. Flame inhabitation performances were conducted by cone calorimeter, LOI and UL-94 tests, synergisms identified analyzed by TGA-FTIR and TGA-GC/MS and effects found were comprehensively discussed. SEM images were used for char residue characterization. For PA6 containing 20 wt.% EG and 5 wt.% AlPi/MPP (3:2), a well working synergism in limiting oxygen indices could be identified exhibiting the highest oxygen index (OI) measured: 46%. The study shows that the synergism due to the partial substitution of EG by AlPi/MPP can be attributed to two effects: (1) When PA6/AlPi/MPP mixtures decompose predominantly CO2 evaporates in early decomposition stages. CO2 evaporations was found to be sensitive to the heating rate applied, whereas specifically high heating rates increased the CO2 yield measured. (2) Solid decomposition products of AlPi/MPP act as "glue" between expanded graphite and thus increase the mechanical residue stability.
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Shi X, Pan Y, Wang Y, Jia Z, Chen T, Gong J, Jiang J. Synergistic Effects of Graphene and Ammonium Polyphosphate Modified with Vinyltrimethoxysilane on the Properties of High-Impact Polystyrene Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13060881. [PMID: 33805610 PMCID: PMC8001055 DOI: 10.3390/polym13060881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ammonium polyphosphate (APP) was modified with a silane coupling agent (vinyltrimethoxysilane, Si-171), and then the synergistic flame retarding effect of graphene and surface-modified APP (APP@Si-171) on high-impact polystyrene (HIPS) was investigated. Surface modification and thermal stability characterization of APP were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results showed that surface-modified APP (APP@Si-171) exhibited significantly better dispersion and less agglomeration tendencies compared with pure APP. A series of target HIPS composites containing different mass fractions of the two flame retardants were prepared by melt blending. TGA and cone calorimeter tests (CCT) were conducted to quantitatively investigate the thermal and flammability properties of the composites, respectively. Results from TGA and CCT demonstrated that the addition of the flame retardants delayed the onset and peak temperatures in differential thermogravimetry (DTG) curves and weakened the peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (THR). Moreover, the synergistic effect index (SE) was employed to quantify the synergistic behavior between the two fillers, and the results showed that APP@Si-171 and graphene had a synergistic effect on improving the thermal stability and flame retardancy of HIPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghui Shi
- College of Safety Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; (X.S.); (Y.W.); (Z.J.); (T.C.); (J.G.); (J.J.)
| | - Yong Pan
- College of Safety Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; (X.S.); (Y.W.); (Z.J.); (T.C.); (J.G.); (J.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-25-58139873
| | - Yuguo Wang
- College of Safety Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; (X.S.); (Y.W.); (Z.J.); (T.C.); (J.G.); (J.J.)
| | - Zhimeng Jia
- College of Safety Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; (X.S.); (Y.W.); (Z.J.); (T.C.); (J.G.); (J.J.)
| | - Tingting Chen
- College of Safety Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; (X.S.); (Y.W.); (Z.J.); (T.C.); (J.G.); (J.J.)
| | - Junhui Gong
- College of Safety Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; (X.S.); (Y.W.); (Z.J.); (T.C.); (J.G.); (J.J.)
| | - Juncheng Jiang
- College of Safety Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; (X.S.); (Y.W.); (Z.J.); (T.C.); (J.G.); (J.J.)
- School of Environment & Safety Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
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12
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Bai Z, Wang N, Chen S, Guo X, Guo J, Qin J, Chen X, Lu Z. Influence of nano silica hybrid expandable graphite on flammability, thermal stability, and mechanical property of polypropylene/polyamide 6 blends. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuyu Bai
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Technology Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu China
| | - Na Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Technology Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu China
| | - Shaopeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Technology Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu China
| | - Xincheng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Technology Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu China
| | - Jianbing Guo
- Sichuan Jiahe Copoly Technology Co., Ltd. Chengdu China
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials Guiyang China
| | - Jun Qin
- Key Laboratory of Karst Environment and Geohazard, Ministry of Land and Resources Guizhou University Guiyang China
| | - Xiaolang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Technology Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu China
- Sichuan Jiahe Copoly Technology Co., Ltd. Chengdu China
| | - Zongcheng Lu
- Sichuan Jiahe Copoly Technology Co., Ltd. Chengdu China
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13
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Ullah S, Ahmad F, Al‐Sehemi AG, Assiri MA, Raza MR, Irfan A. Effect of expandable graphite and ammonium polyphosphate on the thermal degradation and weathering of intumescent
fire‐retardant
coating. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sami Ullah
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science King Khalid University Abha Saudi Arabia
| | - Faiz Ahmad
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS Bandar Seri Iskandar Malaysia
| | - Abdullah G. Al‐Sehemi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science King Khalid University Abha Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Ali Assiri
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science King Khalid University Abha Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Rafi Raza
- Department of Mechanical Engineering COMSATS University Islamabad—Sahiwal Campus Sahiwal Pakistan
| | - Ahmad Irfan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science King Khalid University Abha Saudi Arabia
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14
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Chen Y, Li L, Wu X. Construction of an efficient ternary flame retardant system for rigid polyurethane foam based on bi‐phase flame retardant effect. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
- Engineering Laboratory of Non‐halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing China
| | - Linshan Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
- Engineering Laboratory of Non‐halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing China
| | - Xingde Wu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
- Engineering Laboratory of Non‐halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing China
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15
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Chen S, Ai L, Zeng J, Liu P. Synergistic Flame‐Retardant Effect of an Aryl Boronic Acid Compound and Ammonium Polyphosphate on Epoxy Resins. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201902795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and DevicesRe- search Institute of Materials ScienceSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Lianghui Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and DevicesRe- search Institute of Materials ScienceSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Jinming Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and DevicesRe- search Institute of Materials ScienceSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Ping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and DevicesRe- search Institute of Materials ScienceSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
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16
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Ma MF, Pang XY, Chang R. Enhancing Flame Retardancy, Thermal Stability, Physical and Mechanical Properties of Polyethylene Foam with Polyphosphate Modified Expandable Graphite and Ammonium Polyphosphate. INT POLYM PROC 2019. [DOI: 10.3139/217.3714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The method of preparing polyolefin foam with good flame retardancy, thermal stability, and physical and mechanical properties was investigated. Foaming condition of linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) was investigated with triphenyl phosphate (TPP) as plasticizer, NaHCO3 as foaming agent. The influence of modified expandable graphite (EGP) and ammonium polyphosphate (II) on foam density, compression strength, combustion characteristics and thermal stability was explored. Results verified that EGP presented better dilatability and flame retardancy than the normal expandable graphite. Addition of EGp improved the limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 15NaHCO3/100 LLDPETPP/30EGp foam from 18.8% to 24.6%. Furthermore, the combination of EGp and ammonium polyphosphate (II) (APP) at the mass ratio of 2:1 improved the LOI of 15NaHCO3/100 LLDPETPP/20EGp/10APP sample to 27.9%, and the vertical burning UL-94 level reached V-0, indicating that this material was flame retardant. Although these additives made 15NaHCO3/100 LLDPETPP/20EGp/10APP composite exhibit a high density of 142.5 kg m−3, which was increased by 12.3 wt% relative to the 15NaHCO3/100 LLDPETPP foam, it could improve the compressive strength to 0.4747 MPa, which was about 2.7 times that of the matrix. The thermal stability of the material was also enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.-F. Ma
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science , Hebei University, Baoding , PRC
| | - X.-Y. Pang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science , Hebei University, Baoding , PRC
- Flame Retardant Material and Processing Technology Engineering Technology Research Center of Hebei Province , Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding , PRC
| | - R. Chang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science , Hebei University, Baoding , PRC
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17
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Bee ST, Lim KS, Sin LT, Ratnam CT, Bee SL, Rahmat AR. Interactive effect of ammonium polyphosphate and montmorillonite on enhancing flame retardancy of polycarbonate/acrylonitrile butadiene styrene composites. IRANIAN POLYMER JOURNAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13726-018-0664-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Zhu ZM, Rao WH, Kang AH, Liao W, Wang YZ. Highly effective flame retarded polystyrene by synergistic effects between expandable graphite and aluminum hypophosphite. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Comparative Study on Flame Retardancy, Thermal, and Mechanical Properties of Glass Fiber Reinforced Polyester Composites with Ammonium Polyphosphate, Expandable Graphite, and Aluminum Tri-hydroxide. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-018-3397-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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20
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Influence of expandable graphite particle size on the synergy flame retardant property between expandable graphite and ammonium polyphosphate in semi-rigid polyurethane foam. Polym Bull (Berl) 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-018-2309-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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21
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Wilke A, Langfeld K, Ulmer B, Andrievici V, Hörold A, Limbach P, Bastian M, Schartel B. Halogen-Free Multicomponent Flame Retardant Thermoplastic Styrene–Ethylene–Butylene–Styrene Elastomers Based on Ammonium Polyphosphate–Expandable Graphite Synergy. Ind Eng Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b01177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antje Wilke
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und−prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kirsten Langfeld
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und−prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernhard Ulmer
- SKZ German Plastic
Center, Friedrich-Bergius-Ring 22, 97076 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Vlad Andrievici
- SKZ German Plastic
Center, Friedrich-Bergius-Ring 22, 97076 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Hörold
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und−prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrick Limbach
- SKZ German Plastic
Center, Friedrich-Bergius-Ring 22, 97076 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martin Bastian
- SKZ German Plastic
Center, Friedrich-Bergius-Ring 22, 97076 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Schartel
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und−prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
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22
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23
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Lorenzetti A, Dittrich B, Schartel B, Roso M, Modesti M. Expandable graphite in polyurethane foams: The effect of expansion volume and intercalants on flame retardancy. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Lorenzetti
- Department of Industrial Engineering; University of Padova; Padova 35131 Italy
| | - B. Dittrich
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM); Berlin 12205 Germany
| | - B. Schartel
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM); Berlin 12205 Germany
| | - M. Roso
- Department of Industrial Engineering; University of Padova; Padova 35131 Italy
| | - M. Modesti
- Department of Industrial Engineering; University of Padova; Padova 35131 Italy
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24
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Zhang Y, Yu B, Wang B, Liew KM, Song L, Wang C, Hu Y. Highly Effective P–P Synergy of a Novel DOPO-Based Flame Retardant for Epoxy Resin. Ind Eng Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b04292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
- Suzhou
Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety, Suzhou Institute for Advanced
Study, University of Science and Technology of China, 166 Ren’ai
Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People’s Republic of China
- Department
of Architecture and Civil Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Bin Yu
- State
Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Textiles & Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bibo Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kim Meow Liew
- Department
of Architecture and Civil Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Lei Song
- State
Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chengming Wang
- Instruments’
Center For Physical Science/Structure Research Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan Hu
- State
Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
- Suzhou
Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety, Suzhou Institute for Advanced
Study, University of Science and Technology of China, 166 Ren’ai
Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People’s Republic of China
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25
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Hong L, Hu X. Mechanical and Flame Retardant Properties and Microstructure of Expandable Graphite/Silicone Rubber Composites. J MACROMOL SCI B 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348.2015.1138029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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26
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27
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Tang M, Chen M, Xu Y, Chen X, Sun Z, Zhang Z. Combustion characteristics and synergistic effects of red phosphorus masterbatch with expandable graphite in the flame retardant HDPE/EVA composites. POLYM ENG SCI 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Tang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Technology Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering; Southwest Jiaotong University; Chengdu 610031 China
| | - Man Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Technology Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering; Southwest Jiaotong University; Chengdu 610031 China
| | | | - Xiaolang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Technology Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering; Southwest Jiaotong University; Chengdu 610031 China
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering; Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Zhidan Sun
- School of Life Science and Engineering; Southwest Jiaotong University; Chengdu 610031 China
| | - Zhibin Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering; Southwest Jiaotong University; Chengdu 610031 China
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28
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Tang M, Qi F, Chen M, Sun Z, Xu Y, Chen X, Zhang Z, Shen R. Synergistic effects of ammonium polyphosphate and red phosphorus with expandable graphite on flammability and thermal properties of HDPE/EVA blends. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.3596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Tang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering; Southwest Jiaotong University; Chengdu 610031 China
| | - Fei Qi
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering; Southwest Jiaotong University; Chengdu 610031 China
| | - Man Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering; Southwest Jiaotong University; Chengdu 610031 China
| | - Zhidan Sun
- School of Life Science and Engineering; Southwest Jiaotong University; Chengdu 610031 China
| | - Yang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering; Southwest Jiaotong University; Chengdu 610031 China
| | - Xiaolang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering; Southwest Jiaotong University; Chengdu 610031 China
| | - Zhibin Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering; Southwest Jiaotong University; Chengdu 610031 China
| | - Ru Shen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering; Southwest Jiaotong University; Chengdu 610031 China
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29
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Chen X, Zhuo J, Song W, Jiao C, Qian Y, Li S. Flame retardant effects of organic inorganic hybrid intumescent flame retardant based on expandable graphite in silicone rubber composites. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.3397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xilei Chen
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering; Qingdao University of Science and Technology; Qingdao Shandong 266042 PR China
| | - Jinlong Zhuo
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering; Qingdao University of Science and Technology; Qingdao Shandong 266042 PR China
| | - Wenkui Song
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering; Qingdao University of Science and Technology; Qingdao Shandong 266042 PR China
| | - Chuanmei Jiao
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering; Qingdao University of Science and Technology; Qingdao Shandong 266042 PR China
| | - Yi Qian
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering; Qingdao University of Science and Technology; Qingdao Shandong 266042 PR China
| | - Shaoxiang Li
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering; Qingdao University of Science and Technology; Qingdao Shandong 266042 PR China
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30
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Jin J, Dong QX, Shu ZJ, Wang WJ, He K. Flame Retardant Properties of Polyurethane/Expandable Praphite Composites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng.2014.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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31
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Zheng J, Li B, Guo C, Wu Q, Wang Y. Flame-retardant properties of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene/wood flour composites filled with expandable graphite and ammonium polyphosphate. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.40281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiang Zheng
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame-Retarded Materials, College of Science; Northeast Forestry University; Harbin 150040 People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Li
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame-Retarded Materials, College of Science; Northeast Forestry University; Harbin 150040 People's Republic of China
| | - Chuigen Guo
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame-Retarded Materials, College of Science; Northeast Forestry University; Harbin 150040 People's Republic of China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame-Retarded Materials, College of Science; Northeast Forestry University; Harbin 150040 People's Republic of China
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame-Retarded Materials, College of Science; Northeast Forestry University; Harbin 150040 People's Republic of China
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32
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Zhao C, Li Y, Xing Y, He D, Yue J. Flame retardant and mechanical properties of epoxy composites containing APP−PSt core−shell microspheres. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.40218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- ChunXia Zhao
- State Key Lab of Oil & Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation; Southwest Petroleum University; Chengdu 610500 People's Republic of China
- Department of Materials and Engineering; Southwest Petroleum University; Chengdu 610500 People's Republic of China
- New Energy Center; Southwest Petroleum University; Chengdu 610500 People's Republic of China
| | - YunTao Li
- State Key Lab of Oil & Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation; Southwest Petroleum University; Chengdu 610500 People's Republic of China
- Department of Materials and Engineering; Southwest Petroleum University; Chengdu 610500 People's Republic of China
- New Energy Center; Southwest Petroleum University; Chengdu 610500 People's Republic of China
| | - YunLiang Xing
- Department of Materials and Engineering; Southwest Petroleum University; Chengdu 610500 People's Republic of China
| | - Da He
- Department of Materials and Engineering; Southwest Petroleum University; Chengdu 610500 People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Yue
- Department of Materials and Engineering; Southwest Petroleum University; Chengdu 610500 People's Republic of China
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33
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Wang W, He K, Dong Q, Zhu N, Fan Y, Wang F, Xia Y, Li H, Wang J, Yuan Z, Wang E, Lai Z, Kong T, Wang X, Ma H, Yang M. Synergistic effect of aluminum hydroxide and expandable graphite on the flame retardancy of polyisocyanurate-polyurethane foams. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.39936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wanjin Wang
- School of Materials Science and Technology; China University of Geosciences; Beijing 100083 People's Republic of China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Architectural Functional Macromolecular Materials; Beijing Building Construction Research Institute; Co., Ltd. Beijing 100039 People's Republic of China
| | - Kui He
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Architectural Functional Macromolecular Materials; Beijing Building Construction Research Institute; Co., Ltd. Beijing 100039 People's Republic of China
| | - Quanxiao Dong
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Architectural Functional Macromolecular Materials; Beijing Building Construction Research Institute; Co., Ltd. Beijing 100039 People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Zhu
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Architectural Functional Macromolecular Materials; Beijing Building Construction Research Institute; Co., Ltd. Beijing 100039 People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Fan
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Architectural Functional Macromolecular Materials; Beijing Building Construction Research Institute; Co., Ltd. Beijing 100039 People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science; CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics; Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 People's Republic of China
| | - Yibing Xia
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Architectural Functional Macromolecular Materials; Beijing Building Construction Research Institute; Co., Ltd. Beijing 100039 People's Republic of China
| | - Haifeng Li
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Architectural Functional Macromolecular Materials; Beijing Building Construction Research Institute; Co., Ltd. Beijing 100039 People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Architectural Functional Macromolecular Materials; Beijing Building Construction Research Institute; Co., Ltd. Beijing 100039 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Yuan
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Architectural Functional Macromolecular Materials; Beijing Building Construction Research Institute; Co., Ltd. Beijing 100039 People's Republic of China
| | - Erpo Wang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Architectural Functional Macromolecular Materials; Beijing Building Construction Research Institute; Co., Ltd. Beijing 100039 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenfeng Lai
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Architectural Functional Macromolecular Materials; Beijing Building Construction Research Institute; Co., Ltd. Beijing 100039 People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Kong
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Architectural Functional Macromolecular Materials; Beijing Building Construction Research Institute; Co., Ltd. Beijing 100039 People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Wang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Architectural Functional Macromolecular Materials; Beijing Building Construction Research Institute; Co., Ltd. Beijing 100039 People's Republic of China
| | - Hongwen Ma
- School of Materials Science and Technology; China University of Geosciences; Beijing 100083 People's Republic of China
| | - Mingshu Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science; CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics; Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 People's Republic of China
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34
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Influence of Aluminum Hydroxide and Expandable Graphite on the Flammability of Polyisocyanurate-Polyurethane Foams. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.368-370.741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to verify the influence of expandable graphite (EG) and aluminum hydroxide (ATH) fillers on the flammability of polyisocyanurate-polyurethane (PIR). Limited oxygen index increased to 72.5 with an incorporation of 16 phr (parts per hundred of matrix) EG and 50 phr ATH into the matrix (total weight percent was 39.76%). Cone calorimetry was employed to study the flammability properties of these PIR/ATH/EG composites. Scanning electron microscopy analysis was conducted to study the char characteristics of the composites after the cone calorimetry tests. It was found ATH could effectively induce villi like particles, which made the intumescent char denser, on the surface of EG. The compact char layer could effectively impede the transport of bubbles and heat. ATH and EG accelerated the initial degradation and fluffy char was quickly generated on the surface. Thus, degradation products of the composite were slowed down and the diffusion of volatile combustible fragments to flame zone was delayed.
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35
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Sun Z, Ma Y, Xu Y, Chen X, Chen M, Yu J, Hu S, Zhang Z. Effect of the particle size of expandable graphite on the thermal stability, flammability, and mechanical properties of high-density polyethylene/ethylene vinyl-acetate/expandable graphite composites. POLYM ENG SCI 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.23659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhidan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Technology Ministry of Education; School of Materials Science and Engineering; Southwest Jiaotong University; Chengdu 610031 People's Republic of China
- School of Life Science and Engineering; Southwest Jiaotong University; Chengdu 610031 People's Republic of China
| | - Yonghong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Technology Ministry of Education; School of Materials Science and Engineering; Southwest Jiaotong University; Chengdu 610031 People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Technology Ministry of Education; School of Materials Science and Engineering; Southwest Jiaotong University; Chengdu 610031 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Technology Ministry of Education; School of Materials Science and Engineering; Southwest Jiaotong University; Chengdu 610031 People's Republic of China
| | - Man Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Technology Ministry of Education; School of Materials Science and Engineering; Southwest Jiaotong University; Chengdu 610031 People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Yu
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials; Guiyang 550014 People's Republic of China
| | - Shuchun Hu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Technology Ministry of Education; School of Materials Science and Engineering; Southwest Jiaotong University; Chengdu 610031 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhibin Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering; Southwest Jiaotong University; Chengdu 610031 People's Republic of China
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36
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Yang DD, Hu Y, Xu HP, Zhu LP. Catalyzing carbonization of organophilic alpha-zirconium phosphate/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.39224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Dan Yang
- Department of Functional Materials; School of Urban Development and Environmental Engineering; Shanghai Second Polytechnic University; Shanghai; 201209; China
| | - Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei; 230027; Anhui; China
| | - Hai-Ping Xu
- Department of Functional Materials; School of Urban Development and Environmental Engineering; Shanghai Second Polytechnic University; Shanghai; 201209; China
| | - Lu-Ping Zhu
- Department of Functional Materials; School of Urban Development and Environmental Engineering; Shanghai Second Polytechnic University; Shanghai; 201209; China
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