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Jha RK, Neyhouse BJ, Young MS, Fagnani DE, McNeil AJ. Revisiting poly(vinyl chloride) reactivity in the context of chemical recycling. Chem Sci 2024; 15:5802-5813. [PMID: 38665509 PMCID: PMC11041365 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06758k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) is one of the highest production volume polymers due to its many applications, and it is one of the least recycled due to its chemical structure and frequent formulation with additives. Developing efficient PVC recycling techniques would enable PVC waste to be reused or repurposed in other processes. Within this context, the literature on PVC modification offers considerable insight into versatile reaction pathways, potentially inspiring new approaches for repurposing PVC waste into value-added products. This perspective provides an overview of PVC functionalization through a lens of chemical recycling, discussing various PVC reactivity trends and their applications with a critical assessment and future outlook of their recycling implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kant Jha
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan 930 North University Avenue Ann Arbor Michigan 48108-1055 USA
| | - Bertrand J Neyhouse
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan 930 North University Avenue Ann Arbor Michigan 48108-1055 USA
| | - Morgan S Young
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan 930 North University Avenue Ann Arbor Michigan 48108-1055 USA
| | - Danielle E Fagnani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan 930 North University Avenue Ann Arbor Michigan 48108-1055 USA
| | - Anne J McNeil
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan 930 North University Avenue Ann Arbor Michigan 48108-1055 USA
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan 2300 Hayward Street Ann Arbor Michigan 48109-2800 USA
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2
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Wang T, Hou Z, Yang H, Hu J. A PEGylated PVDF Antifouling Membrane Prepared by Grafting of Methoxypolyethylene Glycol Acrylate in Gama-Irradiated Homogeneous Solution. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:873. [PMID: 38399124 PMCID: PMC10890161 DOI: 10.3390/ma17040873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
In this study, methoxypolyethylene glycol acrylate (mPEGA) served as a PEGylated monomer and was grafted onto polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) through homogeneous solution gamma irradiation. The grafting process was confirmed using several techniques, including infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermodynamic stability assessments, and rotational viscosity measurements. The degree of grafting (DG) was determined via the gravimetric method. By varying the monomer concentration, a range of DGs was achieved in the PVDF-g-mPEGA copolymers. Investigations into water contact angles and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images indicated a direct correlation between increased hydrophilicity, membrane porosity, and higher DG levels in the PVDF-g-mPEGA membrane. Filtration tests demonstrated that enhanced DGs resulted in more permeable PVDF-g-mPEGA membranes, eliminating the need for pore-forming agents. Antifouling tests revealed that membranes with a lower DG maintained a high flux recovery rate, indicating that the innate properties of PVDF could be largely preserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China; (T.W.); (J.H.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhengchi Hou
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF), Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China;
| | - Haijun Yang
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF), Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China;
| | - Jun Hu
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China; (T.W.); (J.H.)
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF), Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China;
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3
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Salahshoori I, Mohseni A, Namayandeh Jorabchi M, Ghasemi S, Afshar M, Wohlrab S. Study of modified PVDF membranes with high-capacity adsorption features using Quantum mechanics, Monte Carlo, and Molecular Dynamics Simulations. J Mol Liq 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2023.121286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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4
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Vebr A, Dallegre M, Autissier L, Drappier C, Lejeune K, Gigmes D, Kermagoret A. Nitroxide mediated radical polymerization for the preparation of poly(vinyl chloride) grafted poly(acrylate) copolymers. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00308b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In view to control the thermal properties of PVC without the use of toxic phthalate derivatives, alkoxyamines were grafted onto an azide modified PVC, through copper catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC),...
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5
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Zhou X, Sun Y, Shen S, Li Y, Bai R. Highly Effective Anti-Organic Fouling Performance of a Modified PVDF Membrane Using a Triple-Component Copolymer of P(St x- co-MAA y)- g-fPEG z as the Additive. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11120951. [PMID: 34940452 PMCID: PMC8707838 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11120951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a triple-component copolymer of P(Stx-co-MAAy)-g-fPEGz containing hydrophobic (styrene, St), hydrophilic (methacrylic acid, MAA), and oleophobic (perfluoroalkyl polyethylene glycol, fPEG) segments was synthesized and used as an additive polymer to prepare modified PVDF membrane for enhanced anti-fouling performance. Two compositions of St:MAA at 4:1 and 1:1 for the additive and two blending ratios of the additive:PVDF at 1:9 and 3:7 for the modified membranes were specifically examined. The results showed that the presence of the copolymer additive greatly affected the morphology and performance of the modified PVDF membranes. Especially, in a lower ratio of St to MAA (e.g., St:MAA at 1:1 versus 4:1), the additive polymer and therefore the modified PVDF membrane exhibited both better hydrophilic as well as oleophobic surface property. The prepared membrane can achieve a water contact angle at as low as 48.80° and display an underwater oil contact angle at as high as 160°. Adsorption experiments showed that BSA adsorption (in the concentration range of 0.8 to 2 g/L) on the modified PVDF membrane can be reduced by as much as 93%. From the filtration of BSA solution, HA solution, and oil/water emulsion, it was confirmed that the obtained membrane showed excellent resistance to these organic foulants that are often considered challenging in membrane water treatment. The performance displayed slow flux decay during filtration and high flux recovery after simple water cleaning. The developed membrane can therefore have a good potential to be used in such applications as water and wastewater treatment where protein and other organic pollutants (including oils) may cause severe fouling problems to conventional polymeric membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoji Zhou
- Center for Separation and Purification Materials & Technologies, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China; (X.Z.); (Y.S.); (S.S.); (Y.L.)
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Yizhuo Sun
- Center for Separation and Purification Materials & Technologies, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China; (X.Z.); (Y.S.); (S.S.); (Y.L.)
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Shusu Shen
- Center for Separation and Purification Materials & Technologies, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China; (X.Z.); (Y.S.); (S.S.); (Y.L.)
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Yan Li
- Center for Separation and Purification Materials & Technologies, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China; (X.Z.); (Y.S.); (S.S.); (Y.L.)
| | - Renbi Bai
- Center for Separation and Purification Materials & Technologies, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China; (X.Z.); (Y.S.); (S.S.); (Y.L.)
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou 215009, China
- Correspondence:
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Valizadeh K, Heydarinasab A, Hosseini SS, Bazgir S. Preparation of modified membrane of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and evaluation of anti-fouling features and high capability in water/oil emulsion separation. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2021.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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7
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Mehrdad A, Noorani N. Permeability behavior of polyvinyl chloride-ionic liquid ionomer for CO2/CH4 separation. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.05.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Noorani N, Mehrdad A. Adsorption, permeation, and DFT studies of PVC/PVIm blends for separation of CO2/CH4. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.111410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Younas H, Shao J, He Y, Fatima G, Jaffar STA, Afridi ZUR. Fouling-free ultrafiltration for humic acid removal. RSC Adv 2018; 8:24961-24969. [PMID: 35542131 PMCID: PMC9082387 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra03810d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane fouling is a serious concern that significantly affects the membrane filtration process. In this study, an ultrafiltration (UF) membrane was developed with surface auto-regeneration potential by immobilizing a photocatalyst [titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs)] on a hybrid polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane to reduce fouling. The combination of photocatalysis and UF, namely, photocatalytic UF, induced the surface auto-regeneration potential to the membrane. The photocatalytic process was initiated after UV light reached the TiO2 NPs through a quartz window in the membrane containing cell. The membrane, with an optimized distribution of TiO2 NPs (3.04 g m−2), could completely regenerate itself during photocatalytic UF [with 2 mg L−1 humic acid (HA)] without experiencing membrane fouling during 90 min of filtration. The impact of temperature, an important factor for increasing the kinetic rate of the photocatalyst, was also studied. The results showed that an increase in temperature did not affect the photocatalytic process, but increased the permeate flux, which was attributed to the decrease in kinematic viscosity of the water. Finally, four consecutive photocatalytic UF cycles demonstrated the stability of the membrane for a fouling-free UF process. Membrane fouling is a serious concern that significantly affects the membrane filtration process.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Younas
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
- China
- The State Key Laboratory of Materials Oriented Separations
| | - Jiahui Shao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
- China
| | - Yiliang He
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
- China
| | - Gul Fatima
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Syed Babar Ali School of Science and Engineering
- Lahore University of Management and Sciences
- Lahore 54000
- Pakistan
| | | | - Zohaib Ur Rehman Afridi
- Energy Management and Sustainability
- U.S. Pakistan Centre For Advanced Studies in Energy
- UET Peshawar
- Pakistan
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Cheng YY, Du CH, Wu CJ, Sun KX, Chi NP. Improving the hydrophilic and antifouling properties of poly(vinyl chloride) membranes by atom transfer radical polymerization grafting of poly(ionic liquid) brushes. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Cheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering; Zhejiang Gongshang University; Hangzhou 310018 China
| | - Chun-Hui Du
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering; Zhejiang Gongshang University; Hangzhou 310018 China
| | - Chun-Jin Wu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering; Zhejiang Gongshang University; Hangzhou 310018 China
| | - Kai-Xiang Sun
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering; Zhejiang Gongshang University; Hangzhou 310018 China
| | - Nian-Ping Chi
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering; Zhejiang Gongshang University; Hangzhou 310018 China
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11
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Du C, Ma X, Li J, Wu C. Improving the charged and antifouling properties of PVDF ultrafiltration membranes by blending with polymerized ionic liquid copolymer P(MMA-b-MEBIm-Br). J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.44751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Du
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering; Zhejiang GongshangUniversity; Hangzhou 310018 People's Republic of China
| | - Xumin Ma
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering; Zhejiang GongshangUniversity; Hangzhou 310018 People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering; Zhejiang GongshangUniversity; Hangzhou 310018 People's Republic of China
| | - Chunjin Wu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering; Zhejiang GongshangUniversity; Hangzhou 310018 People's Republic of China
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12
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Brown S, Yue Y, Kuo LJ, Mehio N, Li M, Gill G, Tsouris C, Mayes RT, Saito T, Dai S. Uranium Adsorbent Fibers Prepared by Atom-Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP) from Poly(vinyl chloride)-co-chlorinated Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-co-CPVC) Fiber. Ind Eng Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.5b03355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suree Brown
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Yanfeng Yue
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Li-Jung Kuo
- Marine
Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Sequim, Washington 98382, United States
| | - Nada Mehio
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Meijun Li
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Gary Gill
- Marine
Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Sequim, Washington 98382, United States
| | - Costas Tsouris
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Richard T. Mayes
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Tomonori Saito
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Sheng Dai
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
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14
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15
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Kanagaraj P, Neelakandan S, Nagendran A. Poly(ether imide) membranes modified with charged surface-modifying macromolecule-Its performance characteristics as ultrafiltration membranes. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.40320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Palsamy Kanagaraj
- PG & Research Department of Chemistry; Polymeric Materials Research Lab, Alagappa Government Arts College; Karaikudi 630 003 India
| | - Sivasubramaniyan Neelakandan
- PG & Research Department of Chemistry; Polymeric Materials Research Lab, Alagappa Government Arts College; Karaikudi 630 003 India
| | - Alagumalai Nagendran
- PG & Research Department of Chemistry; Polymeric Materials Research Lab, Alagappa Government Arts College; Karaikudi 630 003 India
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Kumar M, McGlade D, Lawler J. Functionalized chitosan derived novel positively charged organic–inorganic hybrid ultrafiltration membranes for protein separation. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra02576h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Positively charged organic–inorganic hybrid ultrafiltration membranes for selective protein separation were fabricated from blends of PVA, functionalized600 dpi in TIF format)??> chitosan and tetraethylorthosilicate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra Kumar
- Membrane Technology Laboratory
- School of Biotechnology
- Dublin City University
- Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Declan McGlade
- Membrane Technology Laboratory
- School of Biotechnology
- Dublin City University
- Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Jenny Lawler
- Membrane Technology Laboratory
- School of Biotechnology
- Dublin City University
- Dublin 9, Ireland
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