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Koshenaj K, Ferrari G. A Comprehensive Review on Starch-Based Hydrogels: From Tradition to Innovation, Opportunities, and Drawbacks. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1991. [PMID: 39065308 PMCID: PMC11281146 DOI: 10.3390/polym16141991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Natural hydrogels based on renewable and inexpensive sources, such as starch, represent an interesting group of biopolymeric materials with a growing range of applications in the biomedical, cosmeceutical, and food sectors. Starch-based hydrogels have traditionally been produced using different processes based on chemical or physical methods. However, the long processing times, high energy consumption, and safety issues related to the synthesis of these materials, mostly causing severe environmental damage, have been identified as the main limitations for their further exploitation. Therefore, the main scientific challenge for research groups is the development of reliable and sustainable processing methods to reduce the environmental footprint, as well as investigating new low-cost sources of starches and individuating appropriate formulations to produce stable hydrogel-based products. In the last decade, the possibility of physically modifying natural polysaccharides, such as starches, using green or sustainable processing methods has mostly been based on nonthermal technologies including high-pressure processing (HPP). It has been demonstrated that the latter exerts an important role in improving the physicochemical and techno-functional properties of starches. However, as for surveys in the literature, research activities have been devoted to understanding the effects of physical pre-treatments via high-pressure processing (HPP) on starch structural modifications, more so than elucidating its role and capacity for the rapid formation of stable and highly structured starch-based hydrogels with promising functionality and stability, utilizing more sustainable and eco-friendly processing conditions. Therefore, the present review addresses the recent advancements in knowledge on the production of sustainable starch-based hydrogels utilizing HPP as an innovative and clean-label preparation method. Additionally, this manuscript has the ambition to give an updated overview of starch-based hydrogels considering the different types of structures available, and the recent applications are proposed as well to critically analyze the main perspectives and technological challenges for the future exploitation of these novel structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Koshenaj
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy;
| | - Giovanna Ferrari
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy;
- ProdAl Scarl, c/o University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
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Din MI, Siddique N, Hussain Z, Khalid R. Facile synthesis of biodegradable corn starch-based plastic composite film reinforced with zinc oxide nanoparticles for packaging applications. INORG NANO-MET CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/24701556.2022.2081190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nida Siddique
- School of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Zaib Hussain
- School of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Rida Khalid
- School of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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Biodegradability of Disposable Surgical Face Masks Littered into Soil Systems during the COVID 19 Pandemic—A First Approach Using Microcosms. SOIL SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/soilsystems6020039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused massive use and improper disposal of surgical polypropylene (PP)-based face masks. For a first evaluation of the respective environmental consequences, we performed a 6-month microcosm experiment at 25 °C to determine the microbial degradability of 10 × 10 mm cuts of single mask layers and of a complete mask mixed with topsoil (Cambisol). By analyzing the CO2 production, we identified a fast pool with a mean residence time (MRTfast) of 3 to 7 days, corresponding to approximately 4 to 5% of the total mask carbon. Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy of the degraded masks suggests a cut-off of PP units or oligomers as a main degradation mechanism. The slow carbon pool of the center mask revealed an MRTslow of 7 years and those of the remaining mask material MRTslows between 19 and 28 years, which is three to five times longer than those of soil organic matter (SOM) of the pure soil. Since the masks were not pretreated, and decomposed in the dark without UV radiation, our data support our hypothesis that in soils, microbes must exist that can decompose PP, although their nature still has to be revealed in future attempts.
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Hussein L, Mostafa MH, Darwish M, Abdaleem AH, Elsawy MA. Influence of the Chemically Prepared Chitosan/ZnO Nanocomposite on the Biodegradability, Mechanical, and Thermal Properties of Polypropylene. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2021.1959931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Labiba Hussein
- Petrochemicals Department, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Mohamed Darwish
- Petrochemicals Department, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Moataz Ahmed Elsawy
- Petrochemicals Department, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt
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Abstract
The food packaging sector generates large volumes of plastic waste due to the high demand for packaged products with a short shelf-life. Biopolymers such as starch-based materials are a promising alternative to non-renewable resins, offering a sustainable and environmentally friendly food packaging alternative for single-use products. This article provides a chronology of the development of starch-based materials for food packaging. Particular emphasis is placed on the challenges faced in processing these materials using conventional processing techniques for thermoplastics and other emerging techniques such as electrospinning and 3D printing. The improvement of the performance of starch-based materials by blending with other biopolymers, use of micro- and nano-sized reinforcements, and chemical modification of starch is discussed. Finally, an overview of recent developments of these materials in smart food packaging is given.
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Altayan MM, Al Darouich T. Toward reducing the food packaging waste impact: a study on the effect of Starch type and PE type in thermoplastic starch-polyethylene blends. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-021-02003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Tavanaie MA, Ghahari AH. A study on melt recycling of bio‐based polypropylene/thermoplastic starch compound. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Darwish MSA, Mostafa MH, Hussein LI, Abdaleem AH, Elsawy MA. Preparation, characterization, mechanical and biodegradation behavior of polypropylene - chitosan/ZnO nanocomposite. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2021.1924200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed S. A. Darwish
- Petrochemicals department, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Nasr City Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed H. Mostafa
- Petrochemicals department, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Nasr City Cairo, Egypt
| | - Labiba I. Hussein
- Petrochemicals department, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Nasr City Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Moataz A. Elsawy
- Petrochemicals department, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Nasr City Cairo, Egypt
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Gelatinized and nongelatinized starch/pp blends: effect of starch source and carboxylic and incorporation. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-020-02372-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Din MI, Sehar R, Hussain Z, Khalid R, Shah AT. Synthesis of biodegradable semolina starch plastic films reinforced with biogenically synthesized ZnO nanoparticles. INORG NANO-MET CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/24701556.2020.1813768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rimsha Sehar
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Zaib Hussain
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Rida Khalid
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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Scalenghe R. Resource or waste? A perspective of plastics degradation in soil with a focus on end-of-life options. Heliyon 2018; 4:e00941. [PMID: 30582029 PMCID: PMC6290126 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
'Capable-of-being-shaped' synthetic compounds are prevailing today over horn, bone, leather, wood, stone, metal, glass, or ceramic in products that were previously left to natural materials. Plastic is, in fact, economical, simple, adaptable, and waterproof. Also, it is durable and resilient to natural degradation (although microbial species capable of degrading plastics do exist). In becoming a waste, plastic accumulation adversely affects ecosystems. The majority of plastic debris pollutes waters, accumulating in oceans. And, the behaviour and the quantity of plastic, which has become waste, are rather well documented in the water, in fact. This review collects existing information on plastics in the soil, paying particular attention to both their degradation and possible re-uses. The use of plastics in agriculture is also considered. The discussion is organised according to their resin type and the identification codes used in recycling programs. In addition, options for post-consumer plastics are considered. Acknowledged indicators do not exist, and future study they will have to identify viable and shared methods to measure the presence and the degradation of individual polymers in soils.
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Key Words
- ABS, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene
- BPA, bisphenol A
- Biogeoscience
- DOM, dissolved organic matter
- EPR, Extended Producers Responsibility
- EPS, expandable polystyrene
- ETS, European Emissions Trading scheme
- Environmental science
- GPPS, Polystyrene (General Purpose)
- HBCD, hexabromocyclododecane
- HDPE, high-density polyethylene
- HMC, heat melt compactor technology
- Industry
- LCP, liquid crystal polymers
- LDPE, low-density polyethylene
- Microbiology
- NHV, net habitable volume
- PA, polyamide
- PAC, pro-oxidant additive containing
- PBT, polybutylene terephthalate
- PC, polycarbonate
- PEEK, polyaryletheretherketone
- PET, polyethylene terephthalate
- PHA, polyhydroxyalkanoate
- PLA, polylactic acid
- PMMA, polymethyl methacrylate
- POM, polyoxymethylene
- PP, polypropylene
- PPA, polyphthalamide
- PPS, polyphenylene sulphide
- PS, polystyrene
- PSU, polyarylsulfone
- PTFE, polytetrafluoroethylene
- PU or PUR, polyurethane
- PVC, polyvinyl chloride
- PVDF, polydifluoroethylene
- RIC, resin identification code
- TPE, thermoplastic polyester elastomer
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Scalenghe
- Università degli Studi di Palermo, Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, Italy
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Majeed Z, Mansor N, Ajab Z, Man Z. Lignin macromolecule's implication in slowing the biodegradability of urea-crosslinked starch films applied as slow-release fertilizer. STARCH-STARKE 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201600362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zahid Majeed
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS; Tronoh Perak Malaysia
| | - Nurlidia Mansor
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS; Tronoh Perak Malaysia
| | - Zainab Ajab
- Alkali Soil Natural Environmental Science Center; Northeast Forestry University; Harbin P.R. China
| | - Zakaria Man
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS; Tronoh Perak Malaysia
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Guarás MP, Alvarez VA, Ludueña LN. Biodegradable nanocomposites based on starch/polycaprolactone/compatibilizer ternary blends reinforced with natural and organo-modified montmorillonite. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.44163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. P. Guarás
- Research Institute of Material Science and Technology (INTEMA), Composite Materials Group (CoMP) Engineering Faculty, National University of Mar Del Plata; Juan B. Justo 4302 B7608FDQ Mar Del Plata Argentina
| | - V. A. Alvarez
- Research Institute of Material Science and Technology (INTEMA), Composite Materials Group (CoMP) Engineering Faculty, National University of Mar Del Plata; Juan B. Justo 4302 B7608FDQ Mar Del Plata Argentina
| | - L. N. Ludueña
- Research Institute of Material Science and Technology (INTEMA), Composite Materials Group (CoMP) Engineering Faculty, National University of Mar Del Plata; Juan B. Justo 4302 B7608FDQ Mar Del Plata Argentina
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Novel ternary blends of natural rubber/linear low-density polyethylene/thermoplastic starch: influence of epoxide level of epoxidized natural rubber on blend properties. IRANIAN POLYMER JOURNAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13726-016-0459-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Lignin Effect on Tensile Properties of Biodegradable Urea-Crosslinked Starch in Aerobic Soil Microcosm. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1133.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Lignin has proved its potential role as biodegradable filler for reinforcement of composite materials derived from renewable resources. Slow release fertilizer (SRF) based on starch was tested with different lignin weight percentages (5, 10, 15, 20 wt%) to analyze its effect on mechanical properties of non-biodegraded (NB) samples before and biodegraded (BD) samples after the incubation in the aerobic soil microcosm. In all NB samples, elongation at break (EB), young’s modulus (YM) and tensile strength (TS) was improved with increasing lignin from 5 to 20 wt%. However, in all BD samples, percent change in EB, YM was increased towards higher values as the lignin percentage increases. It was also observed a significant difference (pair t-test, p < 0.05) between each composition before and after biodegradation. In BD samples with 5-15 wt% lignin, percent change in mechanical properties was non-significant (pair t-test, p > 0.05). It was further noticed that percent change in mechanical properties was low in BD samples with lignin compared to the BD samples without lignin. From the present work, it is concluded that lignin strengthens the lignin-starch matrix in NB samples and it also reduced the impact of mechanical properties loss in BD samples.
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Zhang S, Liu F, Peang H, Wang Y. An Investigation of the Effect of Semi-Acetal Formation on the Properties of Dialdehyde Starch and its Thermoplastic Blend with Glycerol. J MACROMOL SCI B 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348.2015.1029419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Ignatyev IA, Thielemans W, Vander Beke B. Recycling of polymers: a review. CHEMSUSCHEM 2014; 7:1579-93. [PMID: 24811748 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201300898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plastics are inexpensive, easy to mold, and lightweight. These and many other advantages make them very promising candidates for commercial applications. In many areas, they have substantially suppressed traditional materials. However, the problem of recycling still is a major challenge. There are both technological and economic issues that restrain the progress in this field. Herein, a state-of-art overview of recycling is provided together with an outlook for the future by using popular polymers such as polyolefins, poly(vinyl chloride), polyurethane, and poly(ethylene terephthalate) as examples. Different types of recycling, primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary, and biological recycling, are discussed together with related issues, such as compatibilization and cross-linking. There are various projects in the European Union on research and application of these recycling approaches; selected examples are provided in this article. Their progress is mirrored by granted patents, most of which have a very limited scope and narrowly cover certain technologies. Global introduction of waste utilization techniques to the polymer market is currently not fully developed, but has an enormous potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor A Ignatyev
- KU Leuven, Campus Kortrijk, Etienne Sabbelaan 53, 8500 Kortrijk (Belgium)
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