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Johnson RW, Scopelliti HR, Herrold NT, Wakabayashi K. Solid‐state shear pulverization of post‐industrial ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene: Particle morphology and molecular structure modifications toward conventional mechanical recycling. POLYM ENG SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.26207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Riggs W. Johnson
- Department of Chemical Engineering Bucknell University Lewisburg Pennsylvania USA
| | - Haley R. Scopelliti
- Department of Chemical Engineering Bucknell University Lewisburg Pennsylvania USA
| | - Nathan T. Herrold
- Department of Chemical Engineering Bucknell University Lewisburg Pennsylvania USA
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2
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Investigating the Feasibility of Processing Activated Carbon/UHMWPE Polymer Composite Using Laser Powder Bed Fusion. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14163320. [PMID: 36015577 PMCID: PMC9413371 DOI: 10.3390/polym14163320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated Carbon (AC) is widely available at a relatively low cost, has a high porosity and is commonly used as a filter material for a range of applications. However, it is a brittle and friable material. Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) polymer is a tough engineering plastic that has been used as a binder. The traditional method used in manufacturing AC/UHMWPE filters involves compressing AC/UHMWPE composite powder during heating in a mould. This process compresses the particles together and the materials undergo sintering. This process results in a low pore interconnectivity, which has a considerable impact on the filter’s efficiency. Selective Laser Sintering is a laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing technique for polymers. This has a number of advantages compared to the conventional technique and produces a porous structure with improved filtration efficiency. We propose that this is due to the greater pore interconnectivity. In this work, AC/UHMWPE powdered composites were prepared with different AC and UHMWPE ratios. The structure and properties of the AC/UHMWPE composite were investigated and characterised to assess their suitability for selective laser sintering. Particle size and morphology analysis were conducted, as well as density measurements, powder flow, thermal analysis, and crystallinity measurements. The results reveal that the addition of AC improves the UHMWPE flow. The thermal analysis results show that the intrinsic thermal properties of UHMWPE powder are not significantly affected by the introduction of activated carbon. However, thermal gravimetric analysis revealed that the onset of mass loss is considerably shifted (20 °C) to higher temperatures for the AC/UHMWPE composites, which is favourable for laser sintering. Additionally, the change in the composition ratio of untreated composite does not have a significant effect on the degree of crystallinity. Laser-sintered AC/UHMWPE parts were successfully manufactured using a commercial laser-sintering machine.
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Xu B, Yin B, Li Q, Kuang X, Jia H. Tribological performance of self‐lubricating polyurethane elastomer compounding with the modified ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene. POLYM ENG SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xu
- Department of Power Machinery School of Automotive and Traffic Engineering, Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
| | - Bifeng Yin
- Department of Power Machinery School of Automotive and Traffic Engineering, Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
| | - Qianzhu Li
- Department of Material Development Institute of Advanced Polymer Materials Technology, Tech‐in Materials Co., Ltd. Nanjing China
| | - Xin Kuang
- Department of Power Machinery School of Automotive and Traffic Engineering, Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
| | - Hekun Jia
- Department of Power Machinery School of Automotive and Traffic Engineering, Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
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4
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Jimenez‐Francisco M, Carrillo JG, Garcia‐Cerda LA. Mechanochemical tuning of molecular weight distribution of styrene homopolymers as postpolymerization modification in solvent‐free solid‐state. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luis Alfonso Garcia‐Cerda
- Departamento de Materiales Avanzados Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada Saltillo Coahuila Mexico
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5
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Burdette-Trofimov MK, Armstrong BL, Murphy RP, Heroux L, Doucet M, Rogers A, Veith GM. Probing clustering dynamics between silicon and PAA or LiPAA slurries under processing conditions. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2021; 3:2447-2460. [PMID: 37719714 PMCID: PMC10502875 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.1c00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
This work explores the complex interplay between slurry aggregation, agglomeration, and conformation (i.e. shape) of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and lithiated poly(acrylic acid) (LiPAA) based silicon slurries as a function of shear rate, and the resulting slurry homogeneity. These values were measured by small angle neutron scattering (SANS) and rheology coupled ultra-small angle neutron scattering (rheo-USANS) at conditions relevant to battery electrode casting. Different binder solution preparation methods, either a ball mill (BM) process or a planetary centrifugal mixing (PCM) process, dramatically modify the resulting polymer dynamics and organization around a silicon material. This is due to the different energy profiles of mixing where the more violent and higher energy PCM causes extensive breakdown and reformation of the binder, which is now likely in a branched conformation, while the lower energy BM results in simply lower molecular weight linear polymers. The break down and reorganization of the polymer structure affects silicon slurry homogeneity, which affects subsequent electrode architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Beth L Armstrong
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
| | - Ryan P Murphy
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology
| | - Luke Heroux
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
| | - Mathieu Doucet
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
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Burdette-Trofimov MK, Armstrong BL, Nelson Weker J, Rogers AM, Yang G, Self EC, Armstrong RR, Nanda J, Veith GM. Direct Measure of Electrode Spatial Heterogeneity: Influence of Processing Conditions on Anode Architecture and Performance. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:55954-55970. [PMID: 33263996 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c17019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the spatial (in)homogeneity of aqueous processed silicon electrodes using standard poly(acrylic acid)-based binders and slurry preparation conditions is demonstrated. X-ray nanotomography shows segregation of materials into submicron-thick layers depending on the mixing method and starting binder molecular weights. Using a dispersant, or in situ production of dispersant from the cleavage of the binder into smaller molecular weight species, increases the resulting lateral homogeneity while drastically decreasing the vertical homogeneity as a result of sedimentation and separation due to gravitational forces. This data explains some of the variability in the literature with respect to silicon electrode performance and demonstrates two potential ways to improve slurry-based electrode fabrications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K Burdette-Trofimov
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Beth L Armstrong
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Johanna Nelson Weker
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Alexander M Rogers
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Guang Yang
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Ethan C Self
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Ryan R Armstrong
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Jagjit Nanda
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Gabriel M Veith
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
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Shi G, Yan X, Wang Q, Cao Z, Min L, Ji L. Hydroxyapatite/ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene nanocomposites fabricated by in situ hydrothermal synthesis for wear‐resistance and friction reduction. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guojun Shi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringYangzhou University Yangzhou Jiangsu Province People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaotian Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringYangzhou University Yangzhou Jiangsu Province People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuyi Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringYangzhou University Yangzhou Jiangsu Province People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringYangzhou University Yangzhou Jiangsu Province People's Republic of China
| | - Linfeng Min
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Subei People's HospitalClinical Medical College of Yangzhou University Yangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Lijun Ji
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringYangzhou University Yangzhou Jiangsu Province People's Republic of China
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Khalil Y, Hopkinson N, Kowalski A, Fairclough JPA. Characterisation of UHMWPE Polymer Powder for Laser Sintering. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12213496. [PMID: 31731427 PMCID: PMC6862515 DOI: 10.3390/ma12213496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) is a thermoplastic semicrystalline polymer that has outstanding mechanical properties, low friction coefficient, excellent wear resistance, and is highly resistant to corrosive chemicals. UHMWPE is found in many applications including artificial joints and filtration. However, UHMWPE parts cannot be produced easily by traditional techniques, such as injection moulding and extrusion because of its very high melt viscosity owing to the extremely long polymer chains. Few attempts were made to process UHMWPE by additive manufacturing, particularly laser sintering. This is due to the lack of understanding of the powder properties of UHMWPE. Therefore, the aim of the powder characterisation process in this study is to gain a better understanding of the material requirements and provide a detailed insight on whether UHMWPE is a suitable material for laser sintering. The characterisation process includes powder morphological and flow characteristics, thermal behaviour and stability, and crystallinity of UHMWPE. The study reveals that the sintering behaviour of polymers is controlled by the morphology of the particles in addition to the viscous flow of UHMWPE. There are still difficulties of processing UHMWPE due to highly agglomerated structure of smaller particles with the presence of fibrils in the UHMWPE particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yas Khalil
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HQ, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Neil Hopkinson
- Xaar 3D Ltd, 5-6 William Lee Buildings, Science Park, Nottingham NG7 2RQ, UK
| | - Adam Kowalski
- Unilever plc, R & D Port Sunlight Laboratory, Wirral CH63 3JW, UK
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Maksimkin AV, Nematulloev SG, Chukov DI, Danilov VD, Senatov FS. Bulk Oriented UHMWPE/FMWCNT Films for Tribological Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:E629. [PMID: 30965932 PMCID: PMC6418802 DOI: 10.3390/polym9110629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bulk oriented films based on ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) with a drawing ratio of 35 were prepared by using a low solvent concentration. Bulk oriented films were filled with fluorinated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (FMWCNTs). The structure of bulk oriented films on UHMWPE, which were manufactured at different stages of orientation, was investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The addition of FMWCNTs at a concentration of 0.05 wt % in bulk oriented UHMWPE films led to an increase in the tensile strength by 10% (up to 1020 ± 23 MPa) compared to unfilled oriented films. However, the addition of FMWCNTs at a concentration of more than 0.5 wt % led to a decrease in tensile strength due to excessive accumulation of nanotubes and hindering of self-diffusion of UHMWPE macromolecules. The multiple increase in tensile strength, doubling the hardness, the formation of fibrillar structure, and the presence of carbon nanotubes led to a significant increase in tribological properties in bulk oriented films. Bulk oriented UHMWPE/1% FMWCNT films can be operated at a maximum contact pressure that is 18 times higher and exhibit a specific wear rate more than an order of magnitude and less than the traditional UHMWPE of isotropic structure. Bulk oriented UHMWPE/1% FMWCNT films have an extremely low dry coefficient of friction (COF) of 0.075 at a contact pressure of 31 MPa. The developed bulk oriented films can be used for manufacturing frictional surfaces for sliding bearings, or for acetabular cups for knee and hip endoprostheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksey V Maksimkin
- National University of Science and Technology "MISIS", Moscow 119049, Russia.
- Tambov State Technical University, Tambov 392000, Russia.
| | | | - Dilyus I Chukov
- National University of Science and Technology "MISIS", Moscow 119049, Russia.
- Tambov State Technical University, Tambov 392000, Russia.
| | - Vladimir D Danilov
- Mechanical Engineering Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 101990, Russia.
| | - Fedor S Senatov
- National University of Science and Technology "MISIS", Moscow 119049, Russia.
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Wu X, Jiang P, Zhou Y, Yu J, Zhang F, Dong L, Yin Y. Influence of alumina content and thermal treatment on the thermal conductivity of UPE/Al2O3composite. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.40528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinfeng Wu
- College of Ocean Science and Engineering; Shanghai Maritime University; Shanghai 200240 China
- Shanghai Key Lab of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging and Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Pingkai Jiang
- Shanghai Key Lab of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging and Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Yun Zhou
- College of Ocean Science and Engineering; Shanghai Maritime University; Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Jinhong Yu
- Shanghai Key Lab of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging and Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Fuhua Zhang
- College of Ocean Science and Engineering; Shanghai Maritime University; Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Lihua Dong
- College of Ocean Science and Engineering; Shanghai Maritime University; Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Yansheng Yin
- College of Ocean Science and Engineering; Shanghai Maritime University; Shanghai 200240 China
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