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Tarazona KB, Ramos‐Rivera G, Suleiman D. Synthesis and characterization of multi‐ionic block copolymers and blended membranes for chemical protective clothing applications. J Appl Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gilberto Ramos‐Rivera
- Chemical Engineering Department University of Puerto Rico‐Mayaguez Mayagüez Puerto Rico
| | - David Suleiman
- Chemical Engineering Department University of Puerto Rico‐Mayaguez Mayagüez Puerto Rico
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2
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Shen N, Bu J, Prévôt ME, Hegmann T, Kennedy JP, Xu W. Macromolecular Engineering and Additive Manufacturing of Polyisobutylene-Based Thermoplastic Elastomers. II. The Poly(styrene-b-isobutylene-b-styrene)/Poly(phenylene oxide) System. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2200109. [PMID: 35355350 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This series of publications describes research rendering soft polyisobutylene (PIB)-based thermoplastic elastomers 3D printable by blending with rigid chemically compatible thermoplastics. The molecular structure, morphology, physical properties, and 3D printability of such blends have been systematically investigated. The authors' first report was concerned with the rendering of soft poly(styrene-b-isobutylene-b-styrene) (SIBS) 3D printable by blending with rigid polystyrene (PS). Here they report the macromolecular engineering of SIBS/polyphenylene oxide (PPO) blends for 3D printing. PPO, a rigid high-performance thermoplastic, is compatible with the hard PS block in SIBS; however, neither PPO nor SIBS can be directly 3D printed. The microphase-separated structures and physical properties of SIBS/PPO blends are systematically tuned by controlling blending ratios and molecular weights. Suitable composition ranges and desirable properties of SIBS/PPO blends for 3D printing are optimized. The morphology and properties of SIBS/PPO blends are characterized by an ensemble of techniques, including atomic force microscopy, small-angle X-ray scattering, and thermal and mechanical properties testing. The elucidation of processing-structure-property relationship of SIBS/PPO blends is essential for 3D printing and advanced manufacturing of high-performance polymer systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naifu Shen
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Jinyu Bu
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Marianne E Prévôt
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute (AMLCI), Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
| | - Torsten Hegmann
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute (AMLCI), Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA.,Materials Science Graduate Program, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Brain Health Research Institute (BHRI), Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
| | - Joseph P Kennedy
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Weinan Xu
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
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Functionalized graphene/polystyrene composite, green synthesis and characterization. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21757. [PMID: 36526669 PMCID: PMC9756699 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26270-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A composite of sulfonated waste polystyrene (SWPS) and graphene oxide was synthetized by an inverse coprecipitation in-situ compound technology. Polystyrene (PS) has a wide range of applications due to its high mechanical property. the graphene were incorporated into sulfonated polystyrene (SPS) to improve the thermal stability and mechanical performance of the composites. Functionalized graphene were synthesized with tour method by using recovered anode (graphite) of dry batteries while sulfonated waste expanded polystyrene was obtained through sulfonation of the polymer. The SPS and GO + SPS composite were characterized using by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). While the degree of sulfonation (DS) was determined through elemental analysis. The results show the degree of sulfonation of the composite is 23.5% and its ion exchange capacity is 1.2 meq g-1. TEM analysis revealed that the GO particles were loaded on the surface of sulphonated polystyrene and that the SWPS was intercalated into the sub-layers of nanoG homogeneously, which result in an increase in electrical conduction.
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Piñón-Balderrama CI, Leyva-Porras C, Conejo-Dávila AS, Zaragoza-Contreras EA. Sulfonated Block Copolymers: Synthesis, Chemical Modification, Self-Assembly Morphologies, and Recent Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14235081. [PMID: 36501479 PMCID: PMC9740409 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Scientific research based on the self-assembly behavior of block copolymers (BCs) comprising charged-neutral segments has emerged as a novel strategy mainly looking for the optimization of efficiency in the generation and storage of electrical energy. The sulfonation reaction re- presents one of the most commonly employed methodologies by scientific investigations to reach the desired amphiphilic character, leading to enough ion concentration to modify and control the entire self-assembly behavior of the BCs. Recently, several works have studied and exploited these changes, inducing improvement on the mechanical properties, ionic conduction capabilities, colloidal solubility, interface activity, and stabilization of dispersed particles, among others. This review aims to present a description of recent works focused on obtaining amphiphilic block copolymers, specifically those that were synthesized by a living/controlled polymerization method and that have introduced the amphiphilic character by the sulfonation of one of the segments. Additionally, relevant works that have evidenced morphological and/or structural changes regarding the pristine BC as a result of the chemical modification are discussed. Finally, several emerging practical applications are analyzed to highlight the main drawbacks and challenges that should be addressed to overcome the development and understanding of these complex systems.
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Barrios‐Tarazona K, Suleiman D. Chemical and morphological effects of blended sulfonated poly(
styrene‐isobutylene‐styrene
) and isopentylamine for direct methanol fuel cell applications. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Barrios‐Tarazona
- Chemical Engineering Department University of Puerto Rico Mayaguez Mayaguez Puerto Rico USA
| | - David Suleiman
- Chemical Engineering Department University of Puerto Rico Mayaguez Mayaguez Puerto Rico USA
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Xu X, Mastropietro D, Ruths M, Tirrell M, Yu J. Ion-Specific Effects of Divalent Ions on the Structure of Polyelectrolyte Brushes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:15564-15572. [PMID: 31414810 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b01984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polyelectrolyte brushes consist of charged polymer chains attached on one end to a surface at high densities. They are relevant for many practical applications ranging from biosensors to drug delivery to colloidal stability. Their structure and functionality can be dramatically influenced by multivalent counterions in the solution environment. In this work, the surface forces apparatus (SFA) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to investigate the effects of three alkaline earth divalent cations, Mg2+, Ca2+, and Ba2+, on the structures of polystyrenesulfonate (PSS) brushes tethered to mica and silicon oxide surfaces. While all these ions caused significant shrinkage of the height of the PSS brushes, strong ion-specific effects were observed. Mg2+ and Ca2+ caused homogeneous shrinkage; Ba2+ led to pinned-micelle like inhomogeneous structures. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) demonstrated that this ion specificity was mainly caused by the difference in binding energy between sulfonate groups and the divalent cations. Considering the abundance of divalent cations in industrial processes, natural environments, and biological systems, the understanding of strong ion-specific effects of divalent counterions is of great importance for theoretical studies and various applications involving polyelectrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 639798
- Department of Chemistry , University of Massachusetts Lowell , Lowell , Massachusetts 01854 , United States
| | - Dean Mastropietro
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering , University of Chicago , Chicago , Illinois 60637 , United States
- Center for Molecular Engineering , Argonne National Laboratory , Lemont , Illinois 60439 , United States
| | - Marina Ruths
- Department of Chemistry , University of Massachusetts Lowell , Lowell , Massachusetts 01854 , United States
| | - Matthew Tirrell
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering , University of Chicago , Chicago , Illinois 60637 , United States
- Center for Molecular Engineering , Argonne National Laboratory , Lemont , Illinois 60439 , United States
| | - Jing Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 639798
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Rozo‐Medina ML, Padovani AM. Dielectric behavior of sulfonated poly(styrene–isobutylene–styrene) triblock copolymer thin films. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Martha L. Rozo‐Medina
- Chemical Engineering DepartmentUniversity of Puerto Rico Mayagüez00681‐9000 Puerto Rico
| | - Agnes M. Padovani
- Engineering Science and Materials DepartmentUniversity of Puerto Rico Mayagüez00681‐9000 Puerto Rico
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Sheriff J, Claiborne TE, Tran PL, Kothadia R, George S, Kato YP, Pinchuk L, Slepian MJ, Bluestein D. Physical Characterization and Platelet Interactions under Shear Flows of a Novel Thermoset Polyisobutylene-based Co-polymer. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:22058-22066. [PMID: 26398588 PMCID: PMC4608843 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b07254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Over the years, several polymers have been developed for use in prosthetic heart valves as alternatives to xenografts. However, most of these materials are beset with a variety of issues, including low material strength, biodegradation, high dynamic creep, calcification, and poor hemocompatibility. We studied the mechanical, surface, and flow-mediated thrombogenic response of poly(styrene-coblock-4-vinylbenzocyclobutene)-polyisobutylene-poly(styrene-coblock-4-vinylbenzocylcobutene) (xSIBS), a thermoset version of the thermoplastic elastomeric polyolefin poly(styrene-block-isobutylene-block-styrene) (SIBS), which has been shown to be resistant to in vivo hydrolysis, oxidation, and enzymolysis. Uniaxial tensile testing yielded an ultimate tensile strength of 35 MPa, 24.5 times greater than that of SIBS. Surface analysis yielded a mean contact angle of 82.05° and surface roughness of 144 nm, which was greater than for poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). However, the change in platelet activation state, a predictor of thrombogenicity, was not significantly different from PCL and PMMA after fluid exposure to 1 dyn/cm(2) and 20 dyn/cm(2). In addition, the number of adherent platelets after 10 dyn/cm(2) flow exposure was on the same order of magnitude as PCL and PMMA. The mechanical strength and low thrombogenicity of xSIBS therefore suggest it as a viable polymeric substrate for fabrication of prosthetic heart valves and other cardiovascular devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jawaad Sheriff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8151, USA
| | - Thomas E. Claiborne
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8151, USA
| | - Phat L. Tran
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Roshni Kothadia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8151, USA
| | - Sheela George
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8151, USA
| | | | | | - Marvin J. Slepian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8151, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Sarver Heart Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Danny Bluestein
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8151, USA
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