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Blaj DA, Diaconu AD, Harabagiu V, Peptu C. Polyethylene Glycol-Isophorone Diisocyanate Polyurethane Prepolymers Tailored Using MALDI MS. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:821. [PMID: 36676558 PMCID: PMC9862538 DOI: 10.3390/ma16020821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The reaction of diols with isocyanates, leading to mono-functional and di-functional prepolymers may be investigated using various characterization methods which show the overall conversion of isocyanate monomers. On the other hand, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI MS) polymer characterization can be employed to identify the monomer units, the end-group functionalities, molecular weight averages, and to determine the copolymer sequence. Herein, we focus on prepolymer synthesis using isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), a widely used diisocyanate for prepolymers preparation, especially in waterborne polyurethane materials. Thus, the reaction between polyethylene glycol diol and IPDI was in-depth investigated by mass spectrometry to determine the influence of the reaction parameters on the prepolymer's structure. The relative content of the different functional oligomer species at given reaction times was determined in the reaction mixture. More specifically, the offline analysis revealed the influence of reaction parameters such as reaction temperature, the concentration of reactants, and the amount of dibutyltin dilaurate catalyst. The established MALDI MS analysis involved measurements of samples, first, directly collected from the reaction mixture and secondly, following derivatization with methanol. The obtained results revealed the effects of reaction parameters on the functionalization reaction with isocyanates, allowing to achieve a better reaction control.
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Jaf L, Al-Moameri H, Ghosh T. Simulation approach for characterizing the isocyanates reactivity in polyurethane gel reactions. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-02929-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Hershey CJ, Jayaraman K. Numerical simulation of mold filling water blown polyurethane foams: Effects of sequential pour. J CELL PLAST 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x20932920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Batch molding of polyurethane foams is a widely used processing technique to produce crosslinked cellular structures which form to the shape of the mold. For water-blown polyurethane foams, water is reacted to form gaseous carbon dioxide resulting in a foam which expands to fill the mold completely. Batch molding typically requires an operator to coat the surface of a mold, introducing a significant lag time during the filling stage where significant asymmetric volume change can occur. The purpose of this work is to show, through simulations, that this lag time is significant when predicting flow profiles and part quality. When the mold geometry is complex enough to force bifurcation of the flow, simulations incorporating various filling lag times predicted significantly different locations of knit or weld lines where the flow fronts meet. Current simulation techniques, which assume the filling stage occurs instantaneously, are unable to predict variations in weld line locations. The introduction of a lag time, referred to herein as sequential pour, was achieved through user-defined modules incorporated into Ansys Fluent software.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Hershey
- Material Sciences and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, USA
| | - K Jayaraman
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Department, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
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Pervaje AK, Tilly JC, Detwiler AT, Spontak RJ, Khan SA, Santiso EE. Molecular Simulations of Thermoset Polymers Implementing Theoretical Kinetics with Top-Down Coarse-Grained Models. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amulya K. Pervaje
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Joseph C. Tilly
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | | | - Richard J. Spontak
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Saad A. Khan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Erik E. Santiso
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
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Favero D, Marcon VR, Barcellos T, Gómez CM, Sanchis MJ, Carsí M, Figueroa CA, Bianchi O. Renewable polyol obtained by microwave-assisted alcoholysis of epoxidized soybean oil: Preparation, thermal properties and relaxation process. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.04.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Xu J, Wu T, Sun W, Peng C. Generalization and Modelling of Rigid Polyisocyanurate Foam Reaction Kinetics, Structural Units Effect, and Cell Configuration Mechanism. CELLULAR POLYMERS 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/026248931703600601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PIR/PUR ratio was derived from differential manipulation of generalized polyisocyanurate kinetic model. The structural unit effects on polymerization of isocyanurate, urethane and urea linkages were evaluated based on Mayo-Lewise tercopolymerization scheme. The cell microstructural configuration model was further developed from profiled FOAMAT reactivity parameters with integrated analysis of cell interface physics. The interstitial border area was defined by interface free energy theory, the shear viscosity was evaluated by foam motion, gas fraction, and partial pressure, and the cell inflation was re-examined by gas-liquid surface tension variability. The cell anisotropic degree, assumed as an aspect ratio of infinitesimal volume elements in cell uniformity, was characterized by equilibrated work increase of surface energy approximated by 2D stretching deformation from sphere cell to spheroid cell. The relationship between pressure and surface tension of elongated cells was also derived from modelling at the same condition of cell deformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo Campus, Ningbo, China 315100
| | - Tao Wu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo Campus, Ningbo, China 315100
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK NG7 2RD
| | - Chuang Peng
- School of Resource and Environment Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China 430079
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Al-Moameri H, Ghoreishi R, Suppes G. Impact of inter- and intra-molecular movements on thermoset polymerization reactions. Chem Eng Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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8
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Nagy T, Antal B, Dékány-Adamoczky A, Karger-Kocsis J, Zsuga M, Kéki S. Uncatalyzed reactions of 4,4′-diphenylmethane-diisocyanate with polymer polyols as revealed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra06671b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The reactivities of various polymer polyols towards MDI were evaluated using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Nagy
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- University of Debrecen
- H-4032 Debrecen
- Hungary
| | - Borbála Antal
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- University of Debrecen
- H-4032 Debrecen
- Hungary
| | | | - József Karger-Kocsis
- Department of Polymer Engineering
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics
- H-1111 Budapest
- Hungary
| | - Miklós Zsuga
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- University of Debrecen
- H-4032 Debrecen
- Hungary
| | - Sándor Kéki
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- University of Debrecen
- H-4032 Debrecen
- Hungary
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Zhao Y, Suppes GJ. Computational study on reaction enthalpies of urethane-forming reactions. POLYM ENG SCI 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yusheng Zhao
- Department of Chemical Engineering; University of Missouri-Columbia; Columbia Missouri 65211
| | - Galen J. Suppes
- Department of Chemical Engineering; University of Missouri-Columbia; Columbia Missouri 65211
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10
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Al-Moameri H, Ghoreishi R, Zhao Y, Suppes GJ. Impact of the maximum foam reaction temperature on reducing foam shrinkage. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra12540a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the obstacles to displacing petroleum-based polyols with soy-based polyols in rigid urethane foam formulations is foam shrinkage, especially at displacements greater than 50%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harith Al-Moameri
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University of Missouri-Columbia
- Columbia
- USA
- Affiliated to College of Engineering
| | - Rima Ghoreishi
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University of Missouri-Columbia
- Columbia
- USA
| | - Yusheng Zhao
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University of Missouri-Columbia
- Columbia
- USA
| | - Galen J. Suppes
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University of Missouri-Columbia
- Columbia
- USA
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Ghoreishi R, Suppes GJ. Chain growth polymerization mechanism in polyurethane-forming reactions. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra10725c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A new approach simulates alcohol–isocyanate reactions in polyurethane systems: catalytic mechanisms dominate the kinetics and chain growth mechanisms overwhelm step growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Ghoreishi
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University of Missouri-Columbia
- Columbia
- USA
| | - G. J. Suppes
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University of Missouri-Columbia
- Columbia
- USA
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Ghoreishi R, Suppes GJ. Modeling of Toluene Sulfonic Acid Catalyzed Oxide Addition Reaction for Soy-Based Polyol. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie404316v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rima Ghoreishi
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri—Columbia, W2033 Lafferre Hall, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Galen J. Suppes
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri—Columbia, W2033 Lafferre Hall, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Galen J. Suppes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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