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Abu Bakar MS, Syamsir A, Alhayek A, Asyraf MRM, Itam Z, Shaik SMM, Abd Aziz N, Jamal T, Mohd Mansor SA. The Reduction Factor of Pultrude Glass Fibre-Reinforced Polyester Composite Cross-Arm: A Comparative Study on Mathematical Modelling for Life-Span Prediction. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5328. [PMID: 37570032 PMCID: PMC10419831 DOI: 10.3390/ma16155328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents an experimental and numerical investigation of pultruded composite glass fibre-reinforced polymer (pGFRP) cross-arms subjected to flexural creep behaviour to assess their performance and sustainability in composite cross-arm structure applications. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the failure creep behaviour of pGFRP cross-arms with different stacking sequences. Specifically, the study aimed to understand the variations in strain rate exhibited during different stages of the creep process. Therefore, this study emphasizes a simplified approach within the experiment, numerical analysis, and mathematical modelling of three different pGFRP composites to estimate the stiffness reduction factors that determine the prediction of failure. The findings show that Findley's power law and the Burger model projected very different strains and diverged noticeably outside the testing period. Findley's model estimated a minimal increase in total strain over 50 years, while the Burger model anticipated PS-1 and PS-2 composites would fail within about 11 and 33 years, respectively. The Burger model's forecasts might be more reasonable due to the harsh environment the cross-arms are expected to withstand. The endurance and long-term performance of composite materials used in overhead power transmission lines may be predicted mathematically, and this insight into material property factors can help with design and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Supian Abu Bakar
- Institute of Energy Infrastructure (IEI), College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Malaysia; (M.S.A.B.); (Z.I.); (T.J.); (S.A.M.M.)
| | - Agusril Syamsir
- Institute of Energy Infrastructure (IEI), College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Malaysia; (M.S.A.B.); (Z.I.); (T.J.); (S.A.M.M.)
- Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Malaysia; (A.A.); (S.M.M.S.); (N.A.A.)
| | - Abdulrahman Alhayek
- Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Malaysia; (A.A.); (S.M.M.S.); (N.A.A.)
| | | | - Zarina Itam
- Institute of Energy Infrastructure (IEI), College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Malaysia; (M.S.A.B.); (Z.I.); (T.J.); (S.A.M.M.)
- Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Malaysia; (A.A.); (S.M.M.S.); (N.A.A.)
| | - Shaikh Muhammad Mubin Shaik
- Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Malaysia; (A.A.); (S.M.M.S.); (N.A.A.)
| | - Nurhanani Abd Aziz
- Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Malaysia; (A.A.); (S.M.M.S.); (N.A.A.)
| | - Tarique Jamal
- Institute of Energy Infrastructure (IEI), College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Malaysia; (M.S.A.B.); (Z.I.); (T.J.); (S.A.M.M.)
| | - Siti Aminah Mohd Mansor
- Institute of Energy Infrastructure (IEI), College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Malaysia; (M.S.A.B.); (Z.I.); (T.J.); (S.A.M.M.)
- Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Malaysia; (A.A.); (S.M.M.S.); (N.A.A.)
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Asyraf MRM, Rafidah M, Madenci E, Özkılıç YO, Aksoylu C, Razman MR, Ramli Z, Zakaria SZS, Khan T. Creep Properties and Analysis of Cross Arms' Materials and Structures in Latticed Transmission Towers: Current Progress and Future Perspectives. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:1747. [PMID: 36837376 PMCID: PMC9959001 DOI: 10.3390/ma16041747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites have been selected as an alternative to conventional wooden timber cross arms. The advantages of FRP composites include a high strength-to-weight ratio, lightweight, ease of production, as well as optimal mechanical performance. Since a non-conductive cross arm structure is exposed to constant loading for a very long time, creep is one of the main factors that cause structural failure. In this state, the structure experiences creep deformation, which can result in serviceability problems, stress redistribution, pre-stress loss, and the failure of structural elements. These issues can be resolved by assessing the creep trends and properties of the structure, which can forecast its serviceability and long-term mechanical performance. Hence, the principles, approaches, and characteristics of creep are used to comprehend and analyse the behaviour of wood and composite cantilever structures under long-term loads. The development of appropriate creep methods and approaches to non-conductive cross arm construction is given particular attention in this literature review, including suitable mitigation strategies such as sleeve installation, the addition of bracing systems, and the inclusion of cross arm beams in the core structure. Thus, this article delivers a state-of-the-art review of creep properties, as well as an analysis of non-conductive cross arm structures using experimental approaches. Additionally, this review highlights future developments and progress in cross arm studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Rizal Muhammad Asyraf
- Engineering Design Research Group (EDRG), Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Mazlan Rafidah
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Emrah Madenci
- Department of Civil Engineering, Necmettin Erbakan University, 42090 Konya, Turkey
| | | | - Ceyhun Aksoylu
- Department of Civil Engineering, Konya Technical University, 42130 Konya, Turkey
| | - Muhammad Rizal Razman
- Research Centre for Sustainability Science and Governance (SGK), Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zuliskandar Ramli
- Institute of the Malay World and Civilisation (ATMA), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sharifah Zarina Syed Zakaria
- Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Tabrej Khan
- Department of Engineering Management, College of Engineering, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia
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A Systematical Rheological Study of Maize Kernel. Foods 2023; 12:foods12040738. [PMID: 36832812 PMCID: PMC9955850 DOI: 10.3390/foods12040738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the rheological behavior of maize kernel was systematically investigated using a dynamic mechanical analyzer. The loss in toughness caused by drying resulted in a downward shift in the relaxation curve and an upward shift in the creep curve. The long relaxation behavior became obvious when the temperature was above 45 °C, resulting from the weakening of hydrogen bonds with temperature. The maize kernel relaxed more rapidly at high temperatures, caused by a reduction in the cell wall viscosity and polysaccharide tangles. The Deborah numbers were all much smaller than one, suggesting that the Maxwell elements showed viscous behavior. Maize kernel, as a viscoelastic material, showed a dominant viscous property at high temperatures. The decline in β with increasing drying temperature indicated an increase in the width of the relaxation spectrum. A Hookean spring elastic portion made up the majority of the maize kernel creep strain. The order-disorder transformation zone of maize kernel was about 50-60 °C. Due to the complexity of maize kernel, the William-Landel-Ferry constants differed from the universal values; these constants should be ascertained through experiments. Time-temperature superposition was successfully used to describe the rheological behavior. The results show that maize kernel is a thermorheologically simple material. The data acquired in this study can be used for maize processing and storage.
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Model-Based Study of Creep and Recovery of a Glassy Polymer. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/8032690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Polyvinyl chloride specimens were subjected to three different constant loads at ambient temperature, and the creep is monitored as a function of time. After a certain time, the load was withdrawn and the strain recovery was followed with time. Although the deformational behavior of such material is conventionally described by the Burger model consisting of elastic, viscoelastic, and viscous components, in the present work, it is shown that the whole creep recovery process is reversible and is described by three viscoelastic components connected in series. Depending on the relative value of the observation and the relaxation times, the viscoelastic components appear pseudo- elastic or viscous. It is found that the model parameters evaluated from the creep data fail to predict the recovery data in both the initial and the end phases, while those from the recovery data can partially reproduce the creep data (satisfactorily in the late phase and with high deviation in the initial phase). The model parameters vary with stress values, but with a good approximation, they could be averaged for a certain stress range to describe creep processes for a specified time period. The proposed model describes creep data better than the Finley and the Weibull models.
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Alhayek A, Syamsir A, Supian ABM, Usman F, Asyraf MRM, Atiqah MA. Flexural Creep Behaviour of Pultruded GFRP Composites Cross-Arm: A Comparative Study on the Effects of Stacking Sequence. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14071330. [PMID: 35406203 PMCID: PMC9003282 DOI: 10.3390/polym14071330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Pultruded glass fibre reinforced polymer (pGFRP) composites provide outstanding properties for composite polymer cross arms in power transmission line applications. This study has investigated the effects of various stacking sequences of fibres directions of pGFRP on flexural strength and creep behaviour. The use of static four-point bending flexural tests revealed that Stacking Sequence 2 (±45/0/90/0/90/0) had a significant flexural strength of 399.9 MPa while Stacking Sequence 1 (±45/90/0/±45) had a flexural strength of 242.5 MPa. Furthermore, the four-point bending creep experiments were performed at three distinct stress levels, notably 12%, 24%, and 37% of the ultimate flexural strength, to characterise the creep behaviour of distinct stacking sequences. Moreover, Findley’s power law equation for bending creep behaviour has revealed that the time-dependent reduction factor of Stacking Sequence 1 and Stacking Sequence 2 estimates a drop in flexural modulus of 23% and 10% respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrahman Alhayek
- Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Malaysia; (A.A.); (F.U.)
| | - Agusril Syamsir
- Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Malaysia; (A.A.); (F.U.)
- Institute of Energy Infrastructure (IEI), College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Malaysia;
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (A.B.M.S.)
| | - Abu Bakar Mohd Supian
- Institute of Energy Infrastructure (IEI), College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Malaysia;
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (A.B.M.S.)
| | - Fathoni Usman
- Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Malaysia; (A.A.); (F.U.)
| | | | - Mohd Afdzaluddin Atiqah
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia;
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Asyraf MRM, Ishak MR, Sapuan SM, Yidris N. Utilization of Bracing Arms as Additional Reinforcement in Pultruded Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composite Cross-Arms: Creep Experimental and Numerical Analyses. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13040620. [PMID: 33669491 PMCID: PMC7922202 DOI: 10.3390/polym13040620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of pultruded glass fiber-reinforced polymer composites (PGFRPCs) as a replacement for conventional wooden cross-arms in transmission towers is relatively new. Although numerous studies have conducted creep tests on coupon-scale PGFRPC cross-arms, none had performed creep analyses on full-scale PGFRPC cross-arms under actual working load conditions. Thus, this work proposed to study the influence of an additional bracing system on the creep responses of PGFRPC cross-arms in a 132 kV transmission tower. The creep behaviors and responses of the main members in current and braced PGFRPC cross-arm designs were compared and evaluated in a transmission tower under actual working conditions. These PGFRPC cross-arms were subjected to actual working loads mimicking the actual weight of electrical cables and insulators for a duration of 1000 h. The cross-arms were installed on a custom test rig in an open area to simulate the actual environment of tropical climate conditions. Further creep analysis was performed by using Findley and Burger models on the basis of experimental data to link instantaneous and extended (transient and viscoelastic) creep strains. The addition of braced arms to the structure reduced the total strain of a cross-arm's main member beams and improved elastic and viscous moduli. The addition of bracing arms improved the structural integrity and stiffness of the cross-arm structure. The findings of this study suggested that the use of a bracing system in cross-arm structures could prolong the structures' service life and subsequently reduce maintenance effort and cost for long-term applications in transmission towers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Rizal Muhammad Asyraf
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Correspondence: (M.R.M.A.); (M.R.I.)
| | - Mohamad Ridzwan Ishak
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Aerospace Malaysia Research Centre (AMRC), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Correspondence: (M.R.M.A.); (M.R.I.)
| | - Salit Mohd Sapuan
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Noorfaizal Yidris
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
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Guan M, Hang Y. Study on properties and stress relaxation behavior of oil‐extended SBS/LLDPE/EVA blends. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingxin Guan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringSouth China University of Technology 510640 People's Republic of China
| | - Yiping Hang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringSouth China University of Technology 510640 People's Republic of China
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Yaghoobi H, Fereidoon A. An experimental investigation and optimization on the impact strength of kenaf fiber biocomposite: application of response surface methodology. Polym Bull (Berl) 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-017-2212-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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