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Gonçalves LFFF, Reis RL, Fernandes EM. Forefront Research of Foaming Strategies on Biodegradable Polymers and Their Composites by Thermal or Melt-Based Processing Technologies: Advances and Perspectives. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1286. [PMID: 38732755 PMCID: PMC11085284 DOI: 10.3390/polym16091286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The last few decades have witnessed significant advances in the development of polymeric-based foam materials. These materials find several practical applications in our daily lives due to their characteristic properties such as low density, thermal insulation, and porosity, which are important in packaging, in building construction, and in biomedical applications, respectively. The first foams with practical applications used polymeric materials of petrochemical origin. However, due to growing environmental concerns, considerable efforts have been made to replace some of these materials with biodegradable polymers. Foam processing has evolved greatly in recent years due to improvements in existing techniques, such as the use of supercritical fluids in extrusion foaming and foam injection moulding, as well as the advent or adaptation of existing techniques to produce foams, as in the case of the combination between additive manufacturing and foam technology. The use of supercritical CO2 is especially advantageous in the production of porous structures for biomedical applications, as CO2 is chemically inert and non-toxic; in addition, it allows for an easy tailoring of the pore structure through processing conditions. Biodegradable polymeric materials, despite their enormous advantages over petroleum-based materials, present some difficulties regarding their potential use in foaming, such as poor melt strength, slow crystallization rate, poor processability, low service temperature, low toughness, and high brittleness, which limits their field of application. Several strategies were developed to improve the melt strength, including the change in monomer composition and the use of chemical modifiers and chain extenders to extend the chain length or create a branched molecular structure, to increase the molecular weight and the viscosity of the polymer. The use of additives or fillers is also commonly used, as fillers can improve crystallization kinetics by acting as crystal-nucleating agents. Alternatively, biodegradable polymers can be blended with other biodegradable polymers to combine certain properties and to counteract certain limitations. This work therefore aims to provide the latest advances regarding the foaming of biodegradable polymers. It covers the main foaming techniques and their advances and reviews the uses of biodegradable polymers in foaming, focusing on the chemical changes of polymers that improve their foaming ability. Finally, the challenges as well as the main opportunities presented reinforce the market potential of the biodegradable polymer foam materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis F. F. F. Gonçalves
- 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs–Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal;
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rui L. Reis
- 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs–Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal;
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Emanuel M. Fernandes
- 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs–Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal;
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
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2
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Antunes M. Recent Trends in Polymeric Foams and Porous Structures for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:195. [PMID: 38256994 PMCID: PMC10820298 DOI: 10.3390/polym16020195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Polymer-based (nano)composite foams containing conductive (nano)fillers limit electromagnetic interference (EMI) pollution, and have been shown to act as good shielding materials in electronic devices. However, due to their high (micro)structural complexity, there is still a great deal to learn about the shielding mechanisms in these materials; understanding this is necessary to study the relationship between the properties of the microstructure and the porous structure, especially their EMI shielding efficiency (EMI SE). Targeting and controlling the electrical conductivity through a controlled distribution of conductive nanofillers are two of the main objectives when combining foaming with the addition of nanofillers; to achieve this, both single or combined nanofillers (nanohybrids) are used (as there is a direct relationship between electrical conductivity and EMI SE), as are the main shielding mechanisms working on the foams (which are expected to be absorption-dominated). The present review considers the most significant developments over the last three years concerning polymer-based foams containing conductive nanofillers, especially carbon-based nanofillers, as well as other porous structures created using new technologies such as 3D printing for EMI shielding applications. It starts by detailing the microcellular foaming strategy, which develops polymer foams with enhanced EMI shielding, and it particularly focuses on technologies using supercritical CO2 (sCO2). It also notes the use of polymer foams as templates to prepare carbon foams with high EMI shielding performances for high temperature applications, as well as a recent strategy which combines different functional (nano)fillers to create nanohybrids. This review also explains the control and selective distribution of the nanofillers, which favor an effective conductive network formation, which thus promotes the enhancement of the EMI SE. The recent use of computational approaches to tailor the EMI shielding properties are given, as are new possibilities for creating components with varied porous structures using the abovementioned materials and 3D printing. Finally, future perspectives are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Antunes
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Poly2 Group, Technical University of Catalonia (UPC BarcelonaTech), ESEIAAT, C/Colom 11, 08222 Terrassa, Spain
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Villamil Jiménez JA, Haurat M, Berriche R, Baillon F, Sauceau M, Chaussat M, Tallon JM, Kusiak A, Dumon M. Polymer Supercritical CO 2 Foaming under Peculiar Conditions: Laser and Ultrasound Implementation. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15081968. [PMID: 37112115 PMCID: PMC10143122 DOI: 10.3390/polym15081968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The two-step batch foaming process of solid-state assisted by supercritical CO2 is a versatile technique for the foaming of polymers. In this work, it was assisted by an out-of-autoclave technology: either using lasers or ultrasound (US). Laser-aided foaming was only tested in the preliminary experiments; most of the work involved US. Foaming was carried out on bulk thick samples (PMMA). The effect of ultrasound on the cellular morphology was a function of the foaming temperature. Thanks to US, cell size was slightly decreased, cell density was increased, and interestingly, thermal conductivity was shown to decrease. The effect on the porosity was more remarkable at high temperatures. Both techniques provided micro porosity. This first investigation of these two potential methods for the assistance of supercritical CO2 batch foaming opens the door to new investigations. The different properties of the ultrasound method and its effects will be studied in an upcoming publication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Margaux Haurat
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques (LCPO), UMR 5629, Bordeaux INP/ENSCBP, University Bordeaux, CNRS, F-33607 Pessac, France
| | - Rayan Berriche
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques (LCPO), UMR 5629, Bordeaux INP/ENSCBP, University Bordeaux, CNRS, F-33607 Pessac, France
- Département Science et Génie des Matériaux -SGM, IUT Institut Universitaire de Technologie, Université de Bordeaux, F-33170 Gradignan, France
| | - Fabien Baillon
- Centre RAPSODEE, UMR CNRS 5302, IMT Mines Albi, Université de Toulouse, F-81013 Albi, France
| | - Martial Sauceau
- Centre RAPSODEE, UMR CNRS 5302, IMT Mines Albi, Université de Toulouse, F-81013 Albi, France
| | - Mattéo Chaussat
- I2M Laboratory, UMR 5295, Bordeaux INP, University Bordeaux, CNRS, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - Jean-Marc Tallon
- Département Science et Génie des Matériaux -SGM, IUT Institut Universitaire de Technologie, Université de Bordeaux, F-33170 Gradignan, France
| | - Andrzej Kusiak
- I2M Laboratory, UMR 5295, Bordeaux INP, University Bordeaux, CNRS, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - Michel Dumon
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques (LCPO), UMR 5629, Bordeaux INP/ENSCBP, University Bordeaux, CNRS, F-33607 Pessac, France
- Département Science et Génie des Matériaux -SGM, IUT Institut Universitaire de Technologie, Université de Bordeaux, F-33170 Gradignan, France
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Influence of ultrasonic-assisted supercritical carbon dioxide foaming process on microcellular thermosetting epoxy foams: Morphology and thermal-mechanical properties. J CO2 UTIL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2022.102138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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5
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Sukkaneewat B, Utara S. Ultrasonic-assisted Dunlop method for natural rubber latex foam production: Effects of irradiation time on morphology and physico-mechanical properties of the foam. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2022; 82:105873. [PMID: 34915253 PMCID: PMC8683756 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
An ultrasonic-assisted technique was first introduced for the production of natural rubber latex foam (NRLF). The flexible elastomeric foam was formed by a liquid-solid state transformation in an aqueous media. The aim of the current research was to provide a novel strategy for fabricating NRLF using ultrasonication and the Dunlop method, as well as to simultaneously utilize irradiation events to achieve the desired foam properties. NRLFs were exposed to ultrasonication at 25 kHz at the beginning of the gelling process. The effects of irradiation times of 0, 1, 3, 5 and 7 min on the morphology, foaming behaviors, physical properties and mechanical performance of NRLFs were investigated. The results revealed that using ultrasonic irradiation, unfoamed regions and a bimodal structure, which seem to be microstructural defects in conventional NRLF, could be completely eliminated. However, excessive irradiation times of 5 min and longer appeared to affect the physico-mechanical properties of the foams in terms of transient cavitation and the unfavorable physicochemical effects of ultrasonic vibrations. As a result, the optimal ultrasonic irradiation time was found to be 3 min. Using this irradiation duration, a foam with the suitable microcellular structure achieved the most desirable properties, such as its expansion ratio (7-fold increase), foam porosity (85.7%), compression recoverability (98.7%), and tensile strength (307.3 kPa). Moreover, the foam still maintained its characteristic soft nature (hardness less than 100 N) with an indentation hardness of 71.9 N. Therefore, ultrasonic treatment introduced to the conventional Dunlop method is a potentially feasible technique since it improves the morphology and the physico-mechanical properties of NRLFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjatham Sukkaneewat
- Functional Materials and Composites Research Group, Faculty of Science, Udon Thani Rajabhat University, Udon Thani 41000, Thailand; Division of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Udon Thani Rajabhat University, Udon Thani 41000, Thailand
| | - Songkot Utara
- Functional Materials and Composites Research Group, Faculty of Science, Udon Thani Rajabhat University, Udon Thani 41000, Thailand; Division of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Udon Thani Rajabhat University, Udon Thani 41000, Thailand.
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Radhakrishna G, Dugad R, Gandhi A. Morphological evaluation of microcellular foamed composites developed through gas batch foaming integrating Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) 3D printing technique. CELLULAR POLYMERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/02624893211040938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In this article, the development of microcellular structure foams has developed by integrating the two successful and existing technologies, namely CO2 gas batch foaming and Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) 3D printing technique. It is a novel approach to manufacture complex design porous products for customized applications. The eventual cell morphologies of the extruded 3D printing filament depends on the process parameters pertaining to both microcellular foaming and 3D printing processes. Further, morphological study has been conducted to evaluate the cell morphologies of the 3D printing filament developed through customized FDM setup. During this process, the significance of various process parameters including saturation pressure, saturation time, desorption time, feed rate and extrusion temperature were thoroughly studied. To pursue this study base material used was acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). The 3D printed filaments consisted of cells with an average cell size in the range of 2.3–276 µm and the average cell density in the range of 4.7 × 104 to 4.3 × 109 cells/cm3. Finally, it has found that by controlling the process parameters different cell morphologies can be developed as per the end application.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Radhakrishna
- CIPET: School for Advanced Research in Polymers (SARP)—APDDRL, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- CIPET: School for Advanced Research in Polymers (SARP)—LARPM, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Rupesh Dugad
- CIPET: School for Advanced Research in Polymers (SARP)—APDDRL, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- CIPET: School for Advanced Research in Polymers (SARP)—LARPM, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Abhishek Gandhi
- CIPET: School for Advanced Research in Polymers (SARP)—APDDRL, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- CIPET: School for Advanced Research in Polymers (SARP)—LARPM, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
- CIPET: IPT Murthal, Sonepat, Haryana, India
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7
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Dugad R, Radhakrishna G, Gandhi A. Solid-state foaming of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene through microcellular 3D printing process. J CELL PLAST 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x211009443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The lightweight products with superior specific strength are in great demand in numerous applications such as automotive, aerospace, biomedical, sports, etc. This work focussed on the manufacturing of lightweight products using the cellular three dimensional (3D) printing process. In this work, the continuous microcellular morphology has been developed in a single foamed filament using 3 D printing of carbon-di-oxide (CO2) saturated acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) filaments. The microcellular structures with average cell size in the range of 6–1040 µm were developed. The influence of printing parameters; nozzle temperature, feed rate, and flow rate on the foam characteristics and cell morphology at different levels were investigated. The different kinds of observed foamed extrudate irregularities were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupesh Dugad
- CIPET: School for Advanced Research in Polymers (SARP) – APDDRL, Bengaluru, India
- CIPET: School for Advanced Research in Polymers (SARP) – LARPM, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - G Radhakrishna
- CIPET: School for Advanced Research in Polymers (SARP) – APDDRL, Bengaluru, India
- CIPET: School for Advanced Research in Polymers (SARP) – LARPM, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Abhishek Gandhi
- CIPET: School for Advanced Research in Polymers (SARP) – APDDRL, Bengaluru, India
- CIPET: School for Advanced Research in Polymers (SARP) – LARPM, Bhubaneswar, India
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8
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Dugad R, Radhakrishna G, Gandhi A. Recent advancements in manufacturing technologies of microcellular polymers: a review. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-020-02157-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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9
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Adam FF, Istiqomah RA, Budianto MA, Trisanti PN, Sumarno S. Study of microcellular foaming of polystyrene aided with 45 kHz of ultrasound waves energy. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2020.1738476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fajar Firstya Adam
- Chemical Engineering Departement, Faculty of Industrial Technology and System Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), Kampus ITS Sukolilo, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Rizki Arief Istiqomah
- Chemical Engineering Departement, Faculty of Industrial Technology and System Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), Kampus ITS Sukolilo, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Adrian Budianto
- Chemical Engineering Departement, Faculty of Industrial Technology and System Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), Kampus ITS Sukolilo, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Prida Novarita Trisanti
- Chemical Engineering Departement, Faculty of Industrial Technology and System Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), Kampus ITS Sukolilo, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Sumarno Sumarno
- Chemical Engineering Departement, Faculty of Industrial Technology and System Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), Kampus ITS Sukolilo, Surabaya, Indonesia
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10
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Bimodal Microcellular Morphology Evaluation in ABS‐Foamed Composites Developed Using Step‐Wise Depressurization Foaming Process. POLYM ENG SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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11
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Dugad R, Radhakrishna G, Gandhi A. Morphological evaluation of ultralow density microcellular foamed composites developed through CO2-induced solid-state batch foaming technique utilizing water as co-blowing agent. CELLULAR POLYMERS 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/0262489319897633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this work, microcellular acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene foams were developed with utilization of water as a co-blowing agent and CO2 as the primary blowing agent through the solid-state batch foaming process. The effect of saturation parameters with the content of the co-blowing agent has been studied extensively for various foaming attributes. The co-blowing agent enhanced the average cell size and the expansion ratio which are useful for better thermal insulation. The maximum expansion ratio of 29.9 obtained from the effect of saturation temperature and co-blowing agent, 23.6 from the effect of saturation pressure and co-blowing agent, and 22.4 from the effect of saturation time and co-blowing agent. The co-blowing agent significantly affects the cell morphology of polymeric foam with saturation parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupesh Dugad
- CIPET: School for Advanced Research in Polymers (SARP) – APDDRL, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- CIPET: School for Advanced Research in Polymers (SARP) – LARPM, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - G Radhakrishna
- CIPET: School for Advanced Research in Polymers (SARP) – APDDRL, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- CIPET: School for Advanced Research in Polymers (SARP) – LARPM, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Abhishek Gandhi
- CIPET: School for Advanced Research in Polymers (SARP) – APDDRL, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- CIPET: School for Advanced Research in Polymers (SARP) – LARPM, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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12
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Yeh SK, Liu WH, Huang YM. Carbon Dioxide-Blown Expanded Polyamide Bead Foams with Bimodal Cell Structure. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b05195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Singh I, Gandhi A, Biswal M, Mohanty S, Nayak SK. Multi-Stage Recycling Induced Morphological Transformations in Solid-State Microcellular Foaming of Polystyrene. CELLULAR POLYMERS 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/026248931803700302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this article, the general-purpose polystyrene was reprocessed four times. The effect of repeated reprocessing of polystyrene on its polymeric properties and on its microcellular, foaming behaviour were investigated. It was observed that reprocessing leads to break of long polymeric chains into short chains, which resulted increment in PDI and MFI. Molecular weight and Glass transition temperature were found to decrease with increasing recycling stages. Reprocessing resulted abruptly decrement in viscosity of neat polystyrene. Effect of reprocessing on foaming behaviour was analysed properly in this report and it was found that reprocessing resulted in improvement in cell sizes and their distribution. A positive effect on expansion ratio was also observed during foaming of reprocessed specimens. Cell density was found to decrease with increasing recycling stages. The effect of saturation pressure and foaming temperature on microcellular foam morphology along with recycling were investigated. Effect of foaming time on cell size, cell size distribution, cell density, expansion ratio and cell wall thickness was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrajeet Singh
- Laboratory for Advanced Research in Polymeric Materials, Central Institute of Plastics Engineering & Technology Bhubaneswar, B/25, C.N.I. Complex, Patia, Bhubaneswar Pin- 751024, Odisha, INDIA
| | - Abhishek Gandhi
- Laboratory for Advanced Research in Polymeric Materials, Central Institute of Plastics Engineering & Technology Bhubaneswar, B/25, C.N.I. Complex, Patia, Bhubaneswar Pin- 751024, Odisha, INDIA
| | - Manoranjan Biswal
- Laboratory for Advanced Research in Polymeric Materials, Central Institute of Plastics Engineering & Technology Bhubaneswar, B/25, C.N.I. Complex, Patia, Bhubaneswar Pin- 751024, Odisha, INDIA
| | - Smita Mohanty
- Laboratory for Advanced Research in Polymeric Materials, Central Institute of Plastics Engineering & Technology Bhubaneswar, B/25, C.N.I. Complex, Patia, Bhubaneswar Pin- 751024, Odisha, INDIA
| | - S. K. Nayak
- Laboratory for Advanced Research in Polymeric Materials, Central Institute of Plastics Engineering & Technology Bhubaneswar, B/25, C.N.I. Complex, Patia, Bhubaneswar Pin- 751024, Odisha, INDIA
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Sun S, Li Q, Zhao N, Jiang J, Zhang K, Hou J, Wang X, Liu G. Preparation of highly interconnected porous poly(ε-caprolactone)/poly(lactic acid) scaffolds via supercritical foaming. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuhao Sun
- School of Mechanics and Engineering Science; Zhengzhou University, National Center for International Joint research of Micro-Nano Molding Technology; Zhengzhou Henan China
| | - Qian Li
- School of Mechanics and Engineering Science; Zhengzhou University, National Center for International Joint research of Micro-Nano Molding Technology; Zhengzhou Henan China
| | - Na Zhao
- School of Mechanics and Engineering Science; Zhengzhou University, National Center for International Joint research of Micro-Nano Molding Technology; Zhengzhou Henan China
| | - Jing Jiang
- School of Mechanics and Engineering Science; Zhengzhou University, National Center for International Joint research of Micro-Nano Molding Technology; Zhengzhou Henan China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy; Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou Henan China
| | - Kangkang Zhang
- School of Mechanics and Engineering Science; Zhengzhou University, National Center for International Joint research of Micro-Nano Molding Technology; Zhengzhou Henan China
| | - Jianhua Hou
- School of Mechanics and Engineering Science; Zhengzhou University, National Center for International Joint research of Micro-Nano Molding Technology; Zhengzhou Henan China
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- School of Mechanics and Engineering Science; Zhengzhou University, National Center for International Joint research of Micro-Nano Molding Technology; Zhengzhou Henan China
| | - Guoji Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy; Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou Henan China
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15
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Sankarpandi S, Park CB, Ghosh AK. CO2-induced crystallization of polylactide and its self-templating ‘stack of coins’ crystalline microstructure. POLYM ENG SCI 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabapathy Sankarpandi
- Centre for Polymer Science and Engineering; Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas; New Delhi 110016 India
| | - Chul B. Park
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Anup K. Ghosh
- Centre for Polymer Science and Engineering; Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas; New Delhi 110016 India
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16
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Gandhi A, Bhatnagar N. Die opening-induced microstructure growth in extrusion foaming of thermoplastic sheets. JOURNAL OF POLYMER ENGINEERING 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/polyeng-2015-0234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In this study, the influence of die opening gap on foam attributes during a microcellular extrusion foaming process was investigated. Lower die openings developed higher pressure drops on the foams, as a result of which greater thermodynamic instability was stimulated and, consequently, higher cell density foams along with enhanced expansion ratios were achieved. Further investigations were performed to study the synergistic influence of altering die opening with critical process parameters, namely, screw rotational speed and die temperature, on the foam expansion ratio and morphological transformations. Higher screw rotational speed induced shear nucleation phenomenon, which further enhanced the foaming process significantly. Also, an optimum die temperature was observed, which developed maximum expansion ratio at the lowest die opening gap. This study intends to enhance the understanding of extrusion foam processing among academia as well as among industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Gandhi
- Indian Institute of Technology, Mechanical Engineering Department, Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Naresh Bhatnagar
- Indian Institute of Technology, Mechanical Engineering Department, Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
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17
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Ma Z, Zhang G, Shi X, Yang Q, Li J, Liu Y, Fan X. Microcellular foaming of poly(phenylene sulfide)/poly(ether sulfones) blends using supercritical carbon dioxide. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhonglei Ma
- Department of Applied Chemistry; MOE Key Lab of Applied Physics and Chemistry in Space; School of Science; Northwestern Polytechnical University; Xi'an 710072 People's Republic of China
| | - Guangcheng Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry; MOE Key Lab of Applied Physics and Chemistry in Space; School of Science; Northwestern Polytechnical University; Xi'an 710072 People's Republic of China
| | - Xuetao Shi
- Department of Applied Chemistry; MOE Key Lab of Applied Physics and Chemistry in Space; School of Science; Northwestern Polytechnical University; Xi'an 710072 People's Republic of China
| | - Quan Yang
- Department of Applied Chemistry; MOE Key Lab of Applied Physics and Chemistry in Space; School of Science; Northwestern Polytechnical University; Xi'an 710072 People's Republic of China
| | - Jiantong Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry; MOE Key Lab of Applied Physics and Chemistry in Space; School of Science; Northwestern Polytechnical University; Xi'an 710072 People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry; MOE Key Lab of Applied Physics and Chemistry in Space; School of Science; Northwestern Polytechnical University; Xi'an 710072 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolong Fan
- Department of Applied Chemistry; MOE Key Lab of Applied Physics and Chemistry in Space; School of Science; Northwestern Polytechnical University; Xi'an 710072 People's Republic of China
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18
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Gandhi A, Bhatnagar N. Surface Quenching Induced Microstructure Transformations in Extrusion Foaming of Porous Sheets. INT POLYM PROC 2015. [DOI: 10.3139/217.3057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In this article, a new technology is described to manufacture open cell thermoplastic foamed sheets with the aid of surface-quenching phenomenon during an extrusion process. As the gas laden polymer extrudate exits the slit die, its surface is rapidly quenched which results in freezing of cells on the surface, while the cells at the core continue to grow and leads to development of open-cellular microstructure at the core. Influence of chill roll temperature was found to be extremely significant in developing porous morphological attributes. Subsequently, synergistic effect of physical blowing agent (N2) content and chill roll temperature was examined for their expansion ratio and foam thickness. Fascinatingly, with reduced chill roll temperatures open-cell microstructure and high expansion ratio was obtained although its thickness was observed to decrease. Further, influence of chill roll rotating speed on foam microstructure and expansion ratio was studied. Lower chill roll rotational speed resulted in development of open-cellular microstructure; while at higher speeds, closed cell morphology was obtained. The results coherently demonstrate that by controlling the chill roll temperatures; open-cellular microstructure can be developed in sheet extrusion foaming process.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Gandhi
- Mechanical Engineering Department , Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi , India
| | - N. Bhatnagar
- Mechanical Engineering Department , Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi , India
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19
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Al Jahwari F, Anwer AAW, Naguib HE. Fabrication and microstructural characterization of functionally graded porous acrylonitrile butadiene styrene and the effect of cellular morphology on creep behavior. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.23698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Farooq Al Jahwari
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering; Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto; 5 King's College Road Toronto Ontario Canada M5S 3G8
| | - Ahmed A. W. Anwer
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering; Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto; 5 King's College Road Toronto Ontario Canada M5S 3G8
| | - Hani E. Naguib
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering; Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto; 5 King's College Road Toronto Ontario Canada M5S 3G8
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