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Harmon-Welch G, Hoefler JC, Trujillo MR, Bhuvanesh N, Bakhmutov VI, Blümel J. Creating Solid Solutions of Metallocenes: Migration of Nickelocene into the Ferrocene Crystal Lattice in the Absence of a Solvent. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2023; 127:3059-3066. [PMID: 38333002 PMCID: PMC10848251 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.2c07441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Ferrocene and nickelocene do not react with each other in solution; however, the large impact of the paramagnetic component on the ferrocene 1H NMR signal linewidth and relaxation times has been quantified. Co-crystallization of ferrocene and nickelocene at any ratio from a solvent can be explained with both pure substances crystallizing in the same space group P21/n. As a new phenomenon, when a ferrocene single crystal is exposed to polycrystalline nickelocene in the absence of a solvent, the nickelocene migrates into the ferrocene crystal lattice and a mixed crystal is formed that retains its macroscopic shape. This process has been proven visually by cutting the single crystal. Mixing polycrystalline ferrocene with polycrystalline nickelocene at different molar ratios with a mortar and pestle leads to crystalline solid solutions with the corresponding molar ratios of both components. This migration of one organometallic component into an existing crystal lattice of another at ambient temperature in the absence of a solvent has not been described previously. Paramagnetic 1H solid-state NMR spectroscopy of static and rotating samples of dry ferrocene/nickelocene mixtures at varying ratios is used to prove and quantify the mixing of both metallocenes at the molecular level. A single-crystal X-ray structure of a 50/50 mixed crystal corroborates the NMR results that nickelocene and ferrocene are randomly distributed in the lattice and that the space group P21/n is retained. All ferrocene molecules in the mixed crystal lattice show a broadening of their 1H wideline signals and residual magic-angle spinning (MAS) lines at ambient temperature. The broadening of the ferrocene signals correlates with the nickelocene content. 1H T1 relaxation time measurements for the signals of ferrocene in samples with different amounts of nickelocene corroborate the assumption that the signal broadening is due to paramagnetic dipole-dipole relaxation of ferrocene molecules in the vicinity of nickelocene. Spatially separated ferrocene and nickelocene powders in one rotor show the solid-state NMR characteristics of the individual polycrystalline metallocenes. The described formation of solid solutions of metallocenes in the absence of a solvent will open new pathways to homogeneously mixed nanoparticles with desired metal ratios and dual-atom catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John C. Hoefler
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College
Station, Texas 77845-3012, United States
| | - Martha R. Trujillo
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College
Station, Texas 77845-3012, United States
| | - Nattamai Bhuvanesh
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College
Station, Texas 77845-3012, United States
| | - Vladimir I. Bakhmutov
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College
Station, Texas 77845-3012, United States
| | - Janet Blümel
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College
Station, Texas 77845-3012, United States
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2
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Benzie JW, Harmon-Welch GE, Hoefler JC, Bakhmutov VI, Blümel J. Molecular Dynamics and Surface Interactions of Nickelocene Adsorbed on Silica: A Paramagnetic Solid-State NMR Study. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:7422-7432. [PMID: 35675156 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
When grinding nickelocene with silica in the absence of a solvent at room temperature, it adsorbs on the surface within the pores. This has also been demonstrated visually by adsorbing green nickelocene in the pores of a large colorless silica gel specimen. While this dry adsorption and translational mobility of nickelocene within the pores is proven visually, the site-to-site mobility of the nickelocene molecules and their orientation toward the surface are not yet understood. In this contribution, mesoporous silica is used as the support material for a systematic solid-state NMR study of these issues. Paramagnetic 1H VT solid-state NMR and T1 relaxation times have been powerful tools for studying the dynamics of nickelocene on the silica surface. Herewith, the mobility of the surface-adsorbed nickelocene molecules in the pores could be quantified on the molecular scale. According to the obtained data, the nickelocene molecules move like a liquid on the surface. Isotropically moving molecules exchange places rapidly with surface-attached molecular states of nickelocene in a sample with submonolayer surface coverage. This finding is corroborated by a macroscopic visualization experiment. The states of the surface-attached horizontally oriented nickelocene molecules that are prevalent at temperatures below 200 K have been quantified. The temperature dependencies of the rate k in coordinates of ln(k) versus 1/T and ln(k/T) versus 1/T form ideal straight lines that allow the determination of the kinetic parameters Eact = 5.5 kcal/mol, A = 1.1 × 1010, ΔH‡ = 5.0 kcal/mol, and ΔS‡ = -15 eu. Investigating a sample with equal amounts of nickelocene and ferrocene in a submonolayer amount of 80% overall surface coverage shows that the different metallocenes mix on the molecular level on the silica surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordon W Benzie
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77845-3012, United States
| | | | - John C Hoefler
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77845-3012, United States
| | - Vladimir I Bakhmutov
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77845-3012, United States
| | - Janet Blümel
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77845-3012, United States
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3
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Tanaka S, Takada S, Suzuki T, Nakajima Y, Sato K. End-Groups of Poly( p-phenylene sulfide) Characterized by DNP NMR Spectroscopy. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Tanaka
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 305-8565 Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Shingo Takada
- Research Association of High-Throughput Design and Development for Advanced Functional Materials, 305-8565 Tsukuba, Japan
- Central Research Laboratories, DIC Corporation, 285-0078 Sakura, Japan
| | - Tohru Suzuki
- Processing Technical Division, DIC Corporation, 290-8585 Ichihara, Japan
| | - Yumiko Nakajima
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 305-8565 Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Sato
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 305-8565 Tsukuba, Japan
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Abstract
Magnetic shielding depends on molecular structure and noncovalent interactions. This study shows that it is also measurably dependent on the electric field generated by surrounding molecules. This effect has been observed explicitly for 31P nucleus using the adduct under field approach. The results obtained indicate that the field strength experienced by molecules in crystals consisting of molecules with large dipole moments is similar to that in polar solvents. Therefore, magnetic shielding should explicitly depend on solvent polarity. It is important to note that this effect cannot be reproduced correctly within the polarizable continuum model approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya G Shenderovich
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitaetstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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5
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Shenderovich IG. Experimentally Established Benchmark Calculations of
31
P NMR Quantities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cmtd.202000033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilya G. Shenderovich
- Ilya G. Shenderovich Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Regensburg Universitaetstrasse 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
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6
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Hubbard PJ, Benzie JW, Bakhmutov VI, Blümel J. Ferrocene Adsorbed on Silica and Activated Carbon Surfaces: A Solid-State NMR Study of Molecular Dynamics and Surface Interactions. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J. Hubbard
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77845-3012, United States
| | - Jordon W. Benzie
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77845-3012, United States
| | - Vladimir I. Bakhmutov
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77845-3012, United States
| | - Janet Blümel
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77845-3012, United States
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7
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Veazey D, Hsu T, Gomez ED. Enhancing resistance of poly(ether ketone ketone) to high‐temperature steam through crosslinking and crystallization control. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dustin Veazey
- Department of Chemical EngineeringThe Pennsylvania State University, University Park Pennsylvania 16802
- Polymics, Ltd., 2215 High Tech Road, State College Pennsylvania 16803
| | - Tim Hsu
- Polymics, Ltd., 2215 High Tech Road, State College Pennsylvania 16803
| | - Enrique D. Gomez
- Department of Chemical EngineeringThe Pennsylvania State University, University Park Pennsylvania 16802
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Materials Research InstituteThe Pennsylvania State University, University Park Pennsylvania 16802
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Kharel S, Cluff KJ, Bhuvanesh N, Gladysz JA, Blümel J. Structures and Dynamics of Secondary and Tertiary Alkylphosphine Oxides Adsorbed on Silica. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:2704-2711. [PMID: 31168965 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201900632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The three secondary phosphine oxides [CH2 =CH(CH2 )4 ]2 HPO (1), [CH2 =CH(CH2 )5 ]2 HPO (2), and [CH2 =CH(CH2 )6 ]2 HPO (3), and two diphosphine dioxides, {[CH2 =CH(CH2 )6 ]2 PO(CH2 )7 }2 (4) and {[CH2 =CH(CH2 )6 ]2 PO(CH2 )4 }2 (5), incorporating long methylene chains, are described. The single crystal X-ray structures of 1, 2, and 5 have been determined. The phosphine oxides 3, 4, and 5 have been adsorbed on silica in submonolayer quantities to give 3 a-5 a. The 1 H, 13 C, and 31 P solid-state NMR spectra of polycrystalline 3-5 have been analyzed and compared with those of 3 a-5 a. The changes of the solid-state NMR characteristics upon adsorption and the surface mobilities of the phosphine oxides are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sugam Kharel
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, PO Box 30012, College Station, Texas, 77842-3012, USA
| | - Kyle J Cluff
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, PO Box 30012, College Station, Texas, 77842-3012, USA
| | - Nattamai Bhuvanesh
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, PO Box 30012, College Station, Texas, 77842-3012, USA
| | - John A Gladysz
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, PO Box 30012, College Station, Texas, 77842-3012, USA
| | - Janet Blümel
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, PO Box 30012, College Station, Texas, 77842-3012, USA
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Liu P, Mullins M, Bremner T, Benner N, Sue HJ. Interfacial Phenomena and Mechanical Behavior of Polyetheretherketone/Polybenzimidazole Blend under Hygrothermal Environment. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:5396-5406. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b01533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tim Bremner
- Hoerbiger Corporation of America, Inc., Houston, Texas 77023, United States
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Hetayothin B, Cabaniss RA, Blum FD. Does Plasticizer Penetrate Tightly Bound Polymer in Adsorbed Poly(vinyl acetate) on Silica? Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Boonta Hetayothin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Los
Angeles, California 90032, United States
| | | | - Frank D. Blum
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
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11
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Cluff KJ, Blümel J. Adsorption of Ferrocene on Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene, and Activated Carbon. Organometallics 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.6b00691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J. Cluff
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United States
| | - Janet Blümel
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United States
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12
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Cluff KJ, Blümel J. Adsorption of Metallocenes on Silica. Chemistry 2016; 22:16562-16575. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201603700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J. Cluff
- Department of Chemistry Texas A&M University P.O. Box 30012 College Station TX 77842-3012 USA
| | - Janet Blümel
- Department of Chemistry Texas A&M University P.O. Box 30012 College Station TX 77842-3012 USA
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13
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Cluff KJ, Bhuvanesh N, Blümel J. Monometallic Ni(0) and Heterobimetallic Ni(0) /Au(I) Complexes of Tripodal Phosphine Ligands: Characterization in Solution and in the Solid State and Catalysis. Chemistry 2015; 21:10138-48. [PMID: 26059108 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201500187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The tridentate chelate nickel complexes [(CO)Ni{(PPh2 CH2 )3 CMe}] (2), [(CO)Ni{(PPh2 CH2 CH2 )3 SiMe}] (6), and [Ph3 PNi{(PPh2 CH2 CH2 )3 SiMe}] (7), as well as the bidentate complex [(CO)2 Ni{(PPh2 CH2 )2 CMeCH2 PPh2 }] (3) and the heterobimetallic complex [(CO)2 Ni{(PPh2 CH2 )2 CMeCH2 Ph2 PAuCl}] (4), have been synthesized and fully characterized in solution. All (1) H and (13) C NMR signal assignments are based on 2D-NMR methods. Single crystal X-ray structures have been obtained for all complexes. Their (31) P CP/MAS (cross polarization with magic angle spinning) NMR spectra have been recorded and the isotropic lines identified. The signals were assigned with the help of their chemical shift anisotropy (CSA) data. All complexes have been tested regarding their catalytic activity for the cyclotrimerization of phenylacetylene. Whereas complexes 2-4 display low catalytic activity, complex 7 leads to quantitative conversion of the substrate within four hours and is highly selective throughout the catalytic reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J Cluff
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, 77842-3012 (USA)
| | - Nattamai Bhuvanesh
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, 77842-3012 (USA)
| | - Janet Blümel
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, 77842-3012 (USA).
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