1
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Zhong Y, Li B, Wang Y, Fu S, Deng J, Li G, Zhao H, Chen T. Spin coated ultrathin PEDOT:PSS/SWCNT film with high electronic conductivity. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 35:295703. [PMID: 38569481 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad39f4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Conductive Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) has been extensively used as non-metallic electrodes. However, the relatively low electrical conductivity of pristine PEDOT:PSS film restricts its further application. Although doping high content conductive filler or increasing the film thickness are effective for enhancing the electrical property, the transparency is sacrificed, which limits the application of PEDOT:PSS films. In this study, preparing PEDOT:PSS composite film with highly conductive and transparent property was the primary purpose. To achieve this goal, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was chosen to composite with PEDOT:PSS. The spin-coated SWCNT/PEDOT:PSS composite film exhibited excellent electrical conductivity and transparency. The electrical conductivity of composite film with desired transmittance property (78%) reached the highest value (1060.96 S cm-1) at the SWCNTs content was 6 wt%. Under the modification process applied in this work, the non-conductive PSS was partially removed by incorporated DMSO and SWCNTs. Then, the molecular chains of PEDOT stretched and adsorbed onto the surface of SWCNTs, forming a highly efficient three-dimensional conductive structure, which contributed to the enhancement of electrical conductivity and transparency. Additionally, the spin-coating process allowed for the reduction of film thickness, ensuring better transparency. This research contributed to expanding the further applications of PEDOT:PSS films in high-performance transparent film electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhong
- Faculty of Chemical Enginnering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650051, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Li
- Faculty of Chemical Enginnering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650051, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Wang
- East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoge Fu
- Faculty of Chemical Enginnering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650051, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Deng
- Faculty of Chemical Enginnering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650051, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangming Li
- Faculty of Chemical Enginnering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650051, People's Republic of China
| | - Haili Zhao
- Faculty of Chemical Enginnering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650051, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Chen
- Faculty of Chemical Enginnering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650051, People's Republic of China
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2
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Chen AX, Esparza GL, Simon I, Dunfield SP, Qie Y, Bunch JA, Blau R, Lim A, Zhang H, Brew SE, O'Neill FM, Fenning DP, Lipomi DJ. Effect of Additives on the Surface Morphology, Energetics, and Contact Resistance of PEDOT:PSS. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:38143-38153. [PMID: 37499172 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c08341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
For a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) film employed in a device stack, charge must pass through both the bulk of the film and interfaces between adjacent layers. Thus, charge transport is governed by both bulk and contact resistances. However, for ultrathin films (e.g., flexible devices, thin-film transistors, printed electronics, solar cells), interfacial properties can dominate over the bulk properties, making contact resistance a significant determinant of device performance. For most device applications, the bulk conductivity of PEDOT:PSS is typically improved by blending additives into the solid film. Doping PEDOT:PSS with secondary dopants (e.g., polar small molecules), in particular, increases the bulk conductivity by inducing a more favorable solid morphology. However, the effects of these morphological changes on the contact resistance (which play a bigger role at smaller length scales) are relatively unstudied. In this work, we use transfer length method (TLM) measurements to decouple the bulk resistance from the contact resistance of PEDOT:PSS films incorporating several common additives. These additives include secondary dopants, a silane crosslinker (typically used to stabilize the PEDOT:PSS film), and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (conductive fillers). Using conductive atomic force microscopy, Kelvin probe force microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and photoelectron spectroscopy, we connect changes in the contact resistance to changes in the surface morphology and energetics as governed by the blended additives. We find that the contact resistance at the PEDOT:PSS/silver interface can be reduced by (1) increasing the ratio of PEDOT to PSS chains, (2) decreasing the work function, (3) decreasing the benzoid-to-quinoid ratio at the surface of the solid film, (4) increasing the film uniformity and contact area, and (5) increasing the phase-segregated morphology of the solid film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander X Chen
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, California 92093-0448, United States
| | - Guillermo L Esparza
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, California 92093-0448, United States
| | - Ignasi Simon
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, California 92093-0448, United States
| | - Sean P Dunfield
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, California 92093-0448, United States
| | - Yi Qie
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, California 92093-0448, United States
| | - Jordan A Bunch
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, California 92093-0448, United States
| | - Rachel Blau
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, California 92093-0448, United States
| | - Allison Lim
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, California 92093-0448, United States
| | - Henry Zhang
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, California 92093-0448, United States
| | - Sarah E Brew
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, California 92093-0448, United States
| | - Finnian M O'Neill
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, California 92093-0448, United States
| | - David P Fenning
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, California 92093-0448, United States
| | - Darren J Lipomi
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, California 92093-0448, United States
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3
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Heriyanto ADM, Cho Y, Okamoto N, Abe R, Pandey M, Benten H, Nakamura M. Influence of halogen elements in organic salts on n-type doping of CNT yarn for thermoelectric applications. RSC Adv 2023; 13:22226-22233. [PMID: 37492513 PMCID: PMC10363687 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra03755j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Doping control of carbon nanotube (CNT) is crucial for thermoelectric (TE) application to maximize the power conversion efficiency. Despite the recent achievement of good air stability by organic salts for n-type carrier doping, their doping mechanism has not been systematically investigated so far. Here, we demonstrate doping of CNT yarn using ammonium salts with different halogen elements (tetra-butylammonium salts, TBAX where X = Cl, Br, or I) through the dipping technique. By changing the halogen element, we specifically investigated the halogen effect in the n-type doping process of CNT. The introduction of each material into the CNT yarn and its doping reaction were then studied by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Halogen element was found to affect the excess amount of TBA+ cation in the CNT yarn. The largest amount of excess TBA+ is found in the TBAI-doped yarn, which stabilizes the most amount of negative charge in CNT, enhancing the TE performance and its stability over one month in air. This study discovers the importance of the halogen element in the doping process of CNT-based TE materials by organic salts, simultaneously offering an efficient and stable n-type doping strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yongyoon Cho
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology 8916-5 Takayamacho Ikoma Nara 630-0192 Japan
| | - Naofumi Okamoto
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology 8916-5 Takayamacho Ikoma Nara 630-0192 Japan
| | - Ryo Abe
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology 8916-5 Takayamacho Ikoma Nara 630-0192 Japan
| | - Manish Pandey
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology 8916-5 Takayamacho Ikoma Nara 630-0192 Japan
| | - Hiroaki Benten
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology 8916-5 Takayamacho Ikoma Nara 630-0192 Japan
| | - Masakazu Nakamura
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology 8916-5 Takayamacho Ikoma Nara 630-0192 Japan
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4
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Ahmad Ruzaidi DA, Maurya MR, Yempally S, Abdul Gafoor S, Geetha M, Che Roslan N, Cabibihan JJ, Kumar Sadasivuni K, Mahat MM. Revealing the improved sensitivity of PEDOT:PSS/PVA thin films through secondary doping and their strain sensors application. RSC Adv 2023; 13:8202-8219. [PMID: 36922951 PMCID: PMC10009655 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra00584d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of strain sensing involves the ability to measure an electrical response that corresponds to a strain. The integration of synthetic and conducting polymers can create a flexible strain sensor with a wide range of applications, including soft robotics, sport performance monitoring, gaming and virtual reality, and healthcare and biomedical engineering. However, the use of insulating synthetic polymers can impede the semiconducting properties of sensors, which may reduce sensor sensitivity. Previous research has shown that the doping process can significantly enhance the electrical performance and ionic conduction of conducting polymers, thereby strengthening their potential for use in electronic devices. However the full effects of secondary doping on the crystallinity, stretchability, conductivity, and sensitivity of conducting polymer blends have not been studied. In this study, we investigated the effects of secondary doping on the properties of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate)/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PEDOT:PSS/PVA) polymer blend thin films and their potential use as strain sensors. The thin films were prepared using a facile drop-casting method. Morphology analysis using profilometry and atomic force microscopy confirmed the occurrence of phase segregation and revealed surface roughness values. This evidence provided a comprehensive understanding of the chemical interactions and physical properties of the thin films, and the effects of doping on these properties. The best films were selected and applied as sensitive strain sensors. EG-PEDOT:PSS/PVA thin films showing a significant increase of conductivity values from the addition of 1 vol% to 12 vol% addition, with conductivity values of 8.51 × 10-5 to 9.42 × 10-3 S cm-1. Our 12% EG-PEDOT:PSS/PVA sensors had the highest GF value of 2000 too. We compared our results with previous studies on polymeric sensors, and it was found that our sensors quantitatively had better GF values. Illustration that demonstrates the DMSO and EG dopant effects on PEDOT:PSS structure through bonding interaction, crystallinity, thermal stability, surface roughness, conductivity and stretchability was also provided. This study suggests a new aspect of doping interaction that can enhance the conductivity and sensitivity of PEDOT:PSS for device applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dania Adila Ahmad Ruzaidi
- Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University P. O. Box 2713 Doha Qatar
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA Shah Alam 40450 Malaysia
| | - Muni Raj Maurya
- Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University P. O. Box 2713 Doha Qatar
| | - Swathi Yempally
- Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University P. O. Box 2713 Doha Qatar
| | | | - Mithra Geetha
- Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University P. O. Box 2713 Doha Qatar
| | - Nazreen Che Roslan
- Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University P. O. Box 2713 Doha Qatar
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA Shah Alam 40450 Malaysia
| | - John-John Cabibihan
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Qatar University P. O. Box 2713 Doha Qatar
| | | | - Mohd Muzamir Mahat
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA Shah Alam 40450 Malaysia
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5
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Galliani M, Ferrari LM, Bouet G, Eglin D, Ismailova E. Tailoring inkjet-printed PEDOT:PSS composition toward green, wearable device fabrication. APL Bioeng 2023; 7:016101. [PMID: 36619686 PMCID: PMC9812513 DOI: 10.1063/5.0117278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Inkjet printing remains one of the most cost-efficient techniques for device prototyping and manufacturing, offering considerable freedom of digital design, non-contact, and additive fabrication. When developing novel wearable devices, a balanced approach is required between functional, user-safe materials and scalable manufacturing processes. Here, we propose a tailor-made ink formulation, based on non-hazardous materials, to develop green electronic devices aimed at interfacing with humans. We demonstrate that developed ink exhibits high-resolution inkjet printability, in line with theoretical prediction, on multiple wearable substrates. The ink's chemical composition ensures the pattern's enhanced electrical properties, mechanical flexibility, and stability in water. The cytocompatibility evaluations show no noxious effects from printed films in contact with human mesenchymal stem cells. Finally, we fabricated a printed wearable touch sensor on a non-woven fabric substrate, capable of tracking human steps. This is a step toward the development of green wearable electronics manufacturing, demonstrating a viable combination of materials and processes for biocompatible devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Galliani
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Centre CMP, Département BEL, F-13541 Gardanne, France
| | | | - Guenaelle Bouet
- Mines Saint-Étienne, Université Jean Monnet, INSERM, U1059 Sainbiose, Saint-Étienne F-42023, France
| | - David Eglin
- Mines Saint-Étienne, Université Jean Monnet, INSERM, U1059 Sainbiose, Saint-Étienne F-42023, France
| | - Esma Ismailova
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Centre CMP, Département BEL, F-13541 Gardanne, France
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6
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Tounakti C, Decorse P, Kouki F, Lang P. Relationship between enhancement of
PEDOT
:
PSS
conductivity by solvent treatment and
PSS
chain reorganization. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20220605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chaima Tounakti
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Quantum Phenomena (LMAPQ), Faculty of Sciences of Tunis University of Tunis‐El Manar Tunis Tunisia
| | | | - Fayçal Kouki
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Quantum Phenomena (LMAPQ), Faculty of Sciences of Tunis University of Tunis‐El Manar Tunis Tunisia
| | - Philippe Lang
- CNRS‐UMR 7086, Université Paris Cité, ITODYS Paris France
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7
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Islam MF, Adame-Ramirez E, Williams ER, Kittikhunnatham P, Wijesekera A, Zhang S, Ge T, Stefik M, Smith MD, Pellechia PJ, Greytak AB, Shimizu LS. Inclusion Polymerization of Pyrrole and Ethylenedioxythiophene in Assembled Triphenylamine Bis-Urea Macrocycles. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Md Faizul Islam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Emely Adame-Ramirez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Eric R. Williams
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Preecha Kittikhunnatham
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Andrew Wijesekera
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Siteng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Ting Ge
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Morgan Stefik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Mark D. Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Perry J. Pellechia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Andrew B. Greytak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Linda S. Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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8
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Prontera CT, Villani F, Palamà IE, Maglione MG, Manini P, Maiorano V, Tammaro L. Fabrication and biocompatibility analysis of flexible organic light emitting diodes on poly(lactic acid) substrates: toward the development of greener bio‐electronic devices. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Tania Prontera
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Naples Federico II Napoli Italy
- Nanotechnology Institute CNR‐NANOTEC Lecce Italy
| | - Fulvia Villani
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Devices (SSPT‐PROMAS‐NANO) ENEA‐C.R. Portici Portici (Napoli) Italy
| | | | - Maria Grazia Maglione
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Devices (SSPT‐PROMAS‐NANO) ENEA‐C.R. Portici Portici (Napoli) Italy
| | - Paola Manini
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Naples Federico II Napoli Italy
| | | | - Loredana Tammaro
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Devices (SSPT‐PROMAS‐NANO) ENEA‐C.R. Portici Portici (Napoli) Italy
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9
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Modarresi M, Zozoulenko IV. Why does solvent treatment increase conductivity of PEDOT:PSS? Insight from molecular dynamics simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:22073-22082. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02655d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) is one of the most important conducting polymers. In its pristine form its electrical conductivity is low, but it can be enhanced by several orders of magnitude by...
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10
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Kim Y, Kim Y, Kim JH. Highly Conductive PEDOT:PSS Thin Films with Two-Dimensional Lamellar Stacked Multi-Layers. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E2211. [PMID: 33171994 PMCID: PMC7694649 DOI: 10.3390/nano10112211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers are desired as organic electrode materials because of their functional properties such as solution process, low cost, and transparency. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), in particular, shows the highest applicability, but its heterogeneous structure presents limitations in terms of electrical conductivity. In this study, a facile method to fabricate multi-layered thin films with higher ordered structures was developed. Through the etching process with H2SO4 and dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO), the insulated rich-PSS was removed from the upper layer to improve its electrical properties and rearrange the PEDOT molecular structures. The thickness of PEDOT:PSS thin films was experimentally optimized to maximize the enhancement of carrier mobility via a layer-by-layer (LBL) process. The combined method, consisted of etching and the LBL process, showed the improvement of the charge carrier mobility from 0.62 to 2.80 cm2 V-1 s-1. The morphology and crystallinity of the ordered PEDOT:PSS structure were investigated by X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS), Raman, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). As a result, two-dimensional lamellar-stacked PEDOT:PSS thin films were fabricated through the repetitive etching and LBL process. The optimized PEDOT:PSS thin film showed an excellent electrical conductivity of 3026 S cm-1, which is 3.8 times higher than that of the pristine film (801 S cm-1).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jung Hyun Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 134 Shinchon-Dong, Seodaemoon-Gu, Seoul 03722, Korea; (Y.K.); (Y.K.)
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11
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Anitha R, Menon SS, Bhalerao G, Siddham P, Baskar K, Singh S. Electrical properties of nitric acid and DMSO treated PEDOT:PSS/n‐Si hybrid heterostructures for optoelectronic applications. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Anitha
- Crystal Growth CentreAnna University Chennai 600025 India
| | - Sumithra S. Menon
- Department of PhysicsSree Sankara College Kalady Kerala 683574 India
| | | | | | - K. Baskar
- Crystal Growth CentreAnna University Chennai 600025 India
| | - Shubra Singh
- Crystal Growth CentreAnna University Chennai 600025 India
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12
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Tang X, Kwon HJ, Ye H, Kim JY, Lee J, Jeong YJ, Kim SH. Enhanced solvent resistance and electrical performance of electrohydrodynamic jet printed PEDOT:PSS composite patterns: effects of hardeners on the performance of organic thin-film transistors. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:25690-25699. [PMID: 31742310 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp04864b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonic acid) (PEDOT:PSS) is of great interest as a promising metal-free electrode material for future electronic devices. Several printing techniques have been developed to generate PEDOT:PSS patterns. In this study, we introduced a silicon-based hardener into PEDOT:PSS composites to prepare conductive ink for the purpose of fabricating solvent-resistant PEDOT:PSS composite patterns. Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) jet printing enabled the direct patterning of PEDOT:PSS and hardener composites that exhibited improved electrical conductivity and solvent resistance, which are advantageous properties for efficient charge injection when semiconductor materials are coated onto pre-deposited PEDOT:PSS composite electrodes. By using EHD jet printed PEDOT:PSS composites as source and drain electrodes, bottom-gate-bottom-contact organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) were fabricated. The resulting OTFTs with PEDOT:PSS and hardener composite electrodes exhibited superior electrical performance compared to OTFTs with electrodes without hardener. Finally, OTFTs with both EHD jet printed electrodes and semiconductors were fabricated and analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowu Tang
- Department of Advanced Materials Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Xu B, Sai-Anand G, Jeong HM, Kim SW, Kim JS, Kwon JB, Kang SW. Improving Air-Stability and Performance of Bulk Heterojunction Polymer Solar Cells Using Solvent Engineered Hole Selective Interlayer. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 11:E1143. [PMID: 29976901 PMCID: PMC6073352 DOI: 10.3390/ma11071143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In bulk heterojunction polymer solar cells (BHJ-PSCs), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) is the most commonly used hole selective interlayer (HSIL). However, its acidity, hygroscopic nature, and the use of indium tin oxide (ITO) etching can degrade the overall photovoltaic performance and the air-stability of BHJ-PSCs. Solvent engineering is considered as a facile approach to overcome these issues. In this work, we engineered the HSIL using ethanol (ET) treated PEDOT:PSS to simultaneously enhance the photovoltaic performance properties and air-stability of the fabricated devices. We systematically investigated the influence of ET on the microstructural, morphological, interfacial characteristics of modified HSIL and photovoltaic characteristics of BHJ-PSCs. Compared with the BHJ-PSC with pristine PEDOT:PSS, a significant enhancement of power conversion efficiency (~17%) was witnessed for the BHJ-PSC with PEDOT:PSS-ET (v/v, 1:0.5). Consequently, the BHJ-PSC with PEDOT:PSS-ET (v/v, 1:0.5) as HSIL exhibited remarkably improved air-stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binrui Xu
- School of Electronics Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu 41566, Korea.
| | - Gopalan Sai-Anand
- Global Innovative Center for Advanced Nanomaterials, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan Campus, New South Wales 2298, Australia.
| | - Hyun-Min Jeong
- School of Electronics Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu 41566, Korea.
| | - Sae-Wan Kim
- School of Electronics Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu 41566, Korea.
| | - Ju-Seong Kim
- School of Electronics Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu 41566, Korea.
| | - Jin-Beom Kwon
- School of Electronics Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu 41566, Korea.
| | - Shin-Won Kang
- School of Electronics Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu 41566, Korea.
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Kaphle V, Liu S, Al-Shadeedi A, Keum CM, Lüssem B. Contact Resistance Effects in Highly Doped Organic Electrochemical Transistors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:8766-8770. [PMID: 27511804 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201602125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Injection at the source contact critically determines the behavior of depletion-type organic electrochemical transistors (OETs). The contact resistance of OETs increases exponentially with the gate voltage and strongly influences the modulation of the drain current by the gate voltage over a wide voltage range. A modified standard model accounting contact resistance can explain the particular shape of the transconductance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikash Kaphle
- Department of Physics, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
| | - Shiyi Liu
- Department of Physics, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
| | | | - Chang-Min Keum
- Department of Physics, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
| | - Björn Lüssem
- Department of Physics, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA.
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Jäckle S, Liebhaber M, Niederhausen J, Büchele M, Félix R, Wilks RG, Bär M, Lips K, Christiansen S. Unveiling the Hybrid n-Si/PEDOT:PSS Interface. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:8841-8848. [PMID: 26964648 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b01596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We investigated the buried interface between monocrystalline n-type silicon (n-Si) and the highly conductive polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) ( PEDOT PSS), which is successfully applied as a hole selective contact in hybrid solar cells. We show that a post-treatment of the polymer films by immersion in a suitable solvent reduces the layer thickness by removal of excess material. We prove that this post-treatment does not affect the functionality of the hybrid solar cells. Through the thin layer we are probing the chemical structure at the n-Si/ PEDOT PSS interface with synchrotron-based hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES). From the HAXPES data we conclude that the Si substrate of a freshly prepared hybrid solar cell is already oxidized immediately after preparation. Moreover, we show that even when storing the sample in inert gas such as, e.g., nitrogen the n-Si/SiOx/ PEDOT PSS interface continues to further oxidize. Thus, without further surface treatment, an unstable Si suboxide will always be present at the hybrid interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Jäckle
- Institute of Nano-architectures for Energy Conversion, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
- Christiansen Research Group, Max-Planck-Institute for the Science of Light , Günther-Scharowsky-Straße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Liebhaber
- Energy Materials in-Situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Nanospectroscopy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Niederhausen
- Energy Materials in-Situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Nanospectroscopy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Büchele
- Christiansen Research Group, Max-Planck-Institute for the Science of Light , Günther-Scharowsky-Straße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Roberto Félix
- Renewable Energy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Regan G Wilks
- Energy Materials in-Situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Renewable Energy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus Bär
- Energy Materials in-Situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Renewable Energy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Physik und Chemie, Brandenburgische Technische Universität Cottbus-Senftenberg , Platz der Deutschen Einheit 1, 03046 Cottbus, Germany
| | - Klaus Lips
- Energy Materials in-Situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Nanospectroscopy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität Berlin , Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Silke Christiansen
- Institute of Nano-architectures for Energy Conversion, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
- Christiansen Research Group, Max-Planck-Institute for the Science of Light , Günther-Scharowsky-Straße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität Berlin , Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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Vacca A, Mascia M, Rizzardini S, Corgiolu S, Palmas S, Demelas M, Bonfiglio A, Ricci PC. Preparation and characterisation of transparent and flexible PEDOT:PSS/PANI electrodes by ink-jet printing and electropolymerisation. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra15295j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A hybrid polymeric electrode PEDOT:PSS/PANI was prepared by ink-jet printing and electropolymerisation, obtaining high capacitance, low resistivity and linear response to pH in a large window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Vacca
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica Chimica e dei Materiali
- Università degli Studi di Cagliari
- 09123 Cagliari
- Italy
| | - Michele Mascia
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica Chimica e dei Materiali
- Università degli Studi di Cagliari
- 09123 Cagliari
- Italy
| | - Simone Rizzardini
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica Chimica e dei Materiali
- Università degli Studi di Cagliari
- 09123 Cagliari
- Italy
| | - Simona Corgiolu
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica Chimica e dei Materiali
- Università degli Studi di Cagliari
- 09123 Cagliari
- Italy
| | - Simonetta Palmas
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica Chimica e dei Materiali
- Università degli Studi di Cagliari
- 09123 Cagliari
- Italy
| | - Monia Demelas
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica ed Elettronica
- Università degli Studi di Cagliari
- 09123 Cagliari
- Italy
| | - Annalisa Bonfiglio
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica ed Elettronica
- Università degli Studi di Cagliari
- 09123 Cagliari
- Italy
| | - Pier Carlo Ricci
- Dipartimento di Fisica
- Università degli Studi di Cagliari
- Complesso Universitario di Monserrato
- 09042 Monserrato (CA)
- Italy
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