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Gonçalves LFFF, Reis RL, Fernandes EM. Forefront Research of Foaming Strategies on Biodegradable Polymers and Their Composites by Thermal or Melt-Based Processing Technologies: Advances and Perspectives. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1286. [PMID: 38732755 PMCID: PMC11085284 DOI: 10.3390/polym16091286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The last few decades have witnessed significant advances in the development of polymeric-based foam materials. These materials find several practical applications in our daily lives due to their characteristic properties such as low density, thermal insulation, and porosity, which are important in packaging, in building construction, and in biomedical applications, respectively. The first foams with practical applications used polymeric materials of petrochemical origin. However, due to growing environmental concerns, considerable efforts have been made to replace some of these materials with biodegradable polymers. Foam processing has evolved greatly in recent years due to improvements in existing techniques, such as the use of supercritical fluids in extrusion foaming and foam injection moulding, as well as the advent or adaptation of existing techniques to produce foams, as in the case of the combination between additive manufacturing and foam technology. The use of supercritical CO2 is especially advantageous in the production of porous structures for biomedical applications, as CO2 is chemically inert and non-toxic; in addition, it allows for an easy tailoring of the pore structure through processing conditions. Biodegradable polymeric materials, despite their enormous advantages over petroleum-based materials, present some difficulties regarding their potential use in foaming, such as poor melt strength, slow crystallization rate, poor processability, low service temperature, low toughness, and high brittleness, which limits their field of application. Several strategies were developed to improve the melt strength, including the change in monomer composition and the use of chemical modifiers and chain extenders to extend the chain length or create a branched molecular structure, to increase the molecular weight and the viscosity of the polymer. The use of additives or fillers is also commonly used, as fillers can improve crystallization kinetics by acting as crystal-nucleating agents. Alternatively, biodegradable polymers can be blended with other biodegradable polymers to combine certain properties and to counteract certain limitations. This work therefore aims to provide the latest advances regarding the foaming of biodegradable polymers. It covers the main foaming techniques and their advances and reviews the uses of biodegradable polymers in foaming, focusing on the chemical changes of polymers that improve their foaming ability. Finally, the challenges as well as the main opportunities presented reinforce the market potential of the biodegradable polymer foam materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis F. F. F. Gonçalves
- 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs–Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal;
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rui L. Reis
- 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs–Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal;
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Emanuel M. Fernandes
- 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs–Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal;
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
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Zhu Y, Chen J, Liu H, Zhang W. Photo-cross-linked Hydrogels for Cartilage and Osteochondral Repair. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:6567-6585. [PMID: 37956022 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Photo-cross-linked hydrogels, which respond to light and induce structural or morphological transitions, form a microenvironment that mimics the extracellular matrix of native tissue. In the last decades, photo-cross-linked hydrogels have been widely used in cartilage and osteochondral tissue engineering due to their good biocompatibility, ease of fabrication, rapid in situ gel-forming ability, and tunable mechanical and degradable properties. In this review, we systemically summarize the different types and physicochemical properties of photo-cross-linked hydrogels (including the materials and photoinitiators) and explore the biological properties modulated through the incorporation of additives, including cells, biomolecules, genes, and nanomaterials, into photo-cross-linked hydrogels. Subsequently, we compile the applications of photo-cross-linked hydrogels with a specific focus on cartilage and osteochondral repair. Finally, current limitations and future perspectives of photo-cross-linked hydrogels are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhu
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, 210009 Nanjing, China
| | - Jialin Chen
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, 210009 Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, Southeast University, 210096 Nanjing, China
- China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group (CORMed), 310058 Hangzhou, China
| | - Haoyang Liu
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, 210009 Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, 210009 Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, Southeast University, 210096 Nanjing, China
- China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group (CORMed), 310058 Hangzhou, China
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3
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Ni N, Fan T, Ye W, Xia Q, Liu D, Qin J, Fan Z, Liu Q. 3D
printed peripheral vascular stents based on degradable poly(
trimethylene carbonate‐b‐(L‐lactide‐ran‐glycolide)
) terpolymer. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.6007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Na Ni
- School of Mechanical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Tiantang Fan
- Department of Materials Science Fudan University Shanghai China
- College of medical Engineering & the Key Laboratory for Medical Functional Nanomaterials Jining Medical University Jining China
| | - Wuyou Ye
- Department of Materials Science Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Qi Xia
- Department of Materials Science Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Dongyang Liu
- Department of Materials Science Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Jingwen Qin
- R&D Division Beijing Advanced Medical Technologies, Ltd. Inc. Beijing China
| | - Zhongyong Fan
- Department of Materials Science Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Qing Liu
- R&D Division Beijing Advanced Medical Technologies, Ltd. Inc. Beijing China
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Torrejon VM, Song J, Yu Z, Hang S. Gelatin-based cellular solids: Fabrication, structure and properties. J CELL PLAST 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x221087602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Although most cellular polymers are made from thermoplastics using different foaming technologies, gelatin and many other natural polymers can form hydrogels and convert them to cellular solids using various techniques, many of which differ from traditional plastic foaming, and so does their resulting structures. Cellular solids from natural hydrogels are porous materials that often exhibit a combination of desirable properties, including high specific surface area, biochemical activity, as well as thermal and acoustic insulation properties. Among natural hydrogels, gelatin-based porous materials are widely explored due to their availability, biocompatibility, biodegradability and relatively low cost. In addition, gelatin-based cellular solids have outstanding properties and are currently subject to increasing scientific research due to their potential in many applications, such as biocompatible cellular materials or biofoams to facilitate waste treatment. This article aims at providing a comprehensive review of gelatin cellular solids processing and their processing-properties-structure relationship. The fabrication techniques covered include aerogels production, mechanical foaming, blowing agents use, 3D printing, electrospinning and particle leaching methods. It is hoped that the assessment of their characteristics provides compiled information and guidance for selecting techniques and optimization of processing conditions to control material structure and properties to meet the needs of the finished products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Martin Torrejon
- Media and Communication School, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jim Song
- School of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhang Yu
- Faculty of Printing, Packaging Engineering and Digital Media Technology, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an, China
| | - Song Hang
- School of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
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Coppola D, Oliviero M, Vitale GA, Lauritano C, D’Ambra I, Iannace S, de Pascale D. Marine Collagen from Alternative and Sustainable Sources: Extraction, Processing and Applications. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E214. [PMID: 32326635 PMCID: PMC7230273 DOI: 10.3390/md18040214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to its unique properties, collagen is used in the growing fields of pharmaceutical and biomedical devices, as well as in the fields of nutraceuticals, cosmeceuticals, food and beverages. Collagen also represents a valid resource for bioplastics and biomaterials, to be used in the emerging health sectors. Recently, marine organisms have been considered as promising sources of collagen, because they do not harbor transmissible disease. In particular, fish biomass as well as by-catch organisms, such as undersized fish, jellyfish, sharks, starfish, and sponges, possess a very high collagen content. The use of discarded and underused biomass could contribute to the development of a sustainable process for collagen extraction, with a significantly reduced environmental impact. This addresses the European zero-waste strategy, which supports all three generally accepted goals of sustainability: sustainable economic well-being, environmental protection, and social well-being. A zero-waste strategy would use far fewer new raw materials and send no waste materials to landfills. In this review, we present an overview of the studies carried out on collagen obtained from by-catch organisms and fish wastes. Additionally, we discuss novel technologies based on thermoplastic processes that could be applied, likewise, as marine collagen treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Coppola
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy; (D.C.); (C.L.)
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources (IBBR), National Research Council, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Oliviero
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council, P.le E. Fermi 1, Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy; (M.O.); (S.I.)
| | - Giovanni Andrea Vitale
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Chiara Lauritano
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy; (D.C.); (C.L.)
| | - Isabella D’Ambra
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Salvatore Iannace
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council, P.le E. Fermi 1, Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy; (M.O.); (S.I.)
| | - Donatella de Pascale
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy; (D.C.); (C.L.)
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy;
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Boonprasertpoh A, Pentrakoon D, Junkasem J. Effect of PBAT on physical, morphological, and mechanical properties of PBS/PBAT foam. CELLULAR POLYMERS 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/0262489319873859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study examines the effect of poly(butylene adipate- co-terephthalate) (PBAT) content on the physical, morphological, and mechanical properties of poly(butylene succinate) (PBS)/PBAT foam. A compression molding technique was used to prepare the PBS/PBAT foam using the chemical blowing agent azodicarbonamide and the cross-linking agent dicumyl peroxide. The chemical structure and morphological properties of PBS/PBAT foam were examined via Fourier transform infrared and scanning electron microscopy techniques, respectively, whereas tensile and flexural properties were investigated using a universal testing machine. The results reveal that the incorporation of PBAT barely enhances the viscosity of the PBS/PBAT blend, producing only minor changes in the average cell size of PBS/PBAT foam. However, increasing the PBAT content contributes to a relatively significant improvement in the flexibility and toughness of PBS/PBAT foam, where a decrease in Young’s modulus and tensile strength of the PBS/PBAT foam is observed compared with those of the PBS foam. Similar behavior to the tensile results is noticed for the flexural properties of the neat and PBS/PBAT foams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aekartit Boonprasertpoh
- Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Duanghathai Pentrakoon
- Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jirawut Junkasem
- PTT Research and Technology Institute, PTT Public Company Limited, Thailand
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Zhan Y, Oliviero M, Wang J, Sorrentino A, Buonocore GG, Sorrentino L, Lavorgna M, Xia H, Iannace S. Enhancing the EMI shielding of natural rubber-based supercritical CO 2 foams by exploiting their porous morphology and CNT segregated networks. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:1011-1020. [PMID: 30569930 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr07351a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Natural rubber/carbon nanotubes composite foams (F-NR/CNTs) with high electrical conductivity and excellent electromagnetic interference (EMI) performance were developed through a multi-step process including: (a) CNTs assembled on natural rubber latex particles, (b) pre-crosslinking of natural rubber, (c) supercritical carbon dioxide foaming of pre-crosslinked composite samples and (d) post-crosslinking of foamed composite samples. A closed-cell porous structure and a segregated CNT network are clearly observed in the resulting foams. Due to this morphology, F-NR/CNTs exhibit low density, good mechanical properties, and high electrical conductivity. Owing to the multiple radiation reflections and scattering between the cell-matrix interfaces, the composite foams presented an excellent specific shielding effectiveness (SSE) of 312.69 dB cm2 g-1 for F-NR/CNTs containing 6.4 wt% of CNTs, which is significantly higher than those already published for rubber composites containing comparable filler content. Furthermore, the analysis of EMI SE highlights that absorption efficiency is more significant than reflection efficiency, implying that most of the incident electromagnetic radiation is dissipated in the form of heat. This work provides the fundamentals for the design of innovative light weight and efficient EMI shielding foams characterized by a three-dimensional segregated CNT network with huge potential for use in the electronics and aerospace industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhu Zhan
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council, P.le Fermi, 1-80055 Portici, NA, Italy.
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8
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Gavin C, Lay MC, Verbeek CJR. Conformational changes after foaming in a protein-based thermoplastic. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chanelle Gavin
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering; University of Waikato; Hamilton New Zealand
| | - Mark C. Lay
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering; University of Waikato; Hamilton New Zealand
| | - Casparus J. R. Verbeek
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering; University of Waikato; Hamilton New Zealand
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Volpe V, De Filitto M, Klofacova V, De Santis F, Pantani R. Effect of mold opening on the properties of PLA samples obtained by foam injection molding. POLYM ENG SCI 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Volpe
- Department of Industrial Engineering; University of Salerno; Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano 84084 Salerno Italy
| | - Martina De Filitto
- Department of Industrial Engineering; University of Salerno; Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano 84084 Salerno Italy
| | - Vera Klofacova
- Centre of Polymer Systems; Tomas Bata University in Zlin; Trida Tomase Bati 5678, Zlin 760 01 Czech Republic
| | - Felice De Santis
- Department of Industrial Engineering; University of Salerno; Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano 84084 Salerno Italy
| | - Roberto Pantani
- Department of Industrial Engineering; University of Salerno; Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano 84084 Salerno Italy
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10
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Walallavita AS, Verbeek CJR, Lay MC. Biopolymer foams from Novatein thermoplastic protein and poly(lactic acid). J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mark Christopher Lay
- Department of Engineering; School of Science and Engineering, University of Waikato; Hamilton 3240 New Zealand
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Asyakina L, Asyakina L, Dyshlyuk L, Dyshlyuk L. STUDY OF VISCOSITY OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF NATURAL POLYSACCHARIDES. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.21603/2500-1418-2016-1-2-11-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
One of the steps of synthesis of biodegradable polymers is preparation of an aqueous solution of raw materials. Formulation of biodegradable films with optimum characteristics requires to undertake a separate rheological study of each aqueous solution. An essential parameter in this step is a uniform thickness, which is achieved by means of specified viscosity parameters. Viscosity of solutions depends on many parameters, among which are composition and concentration of components in a solution, solution preparation temperature, pH of the finished medium, and presence of free ions. This article describes studies and results on study of viscosity parameters of aqueous solutions of natural polysaccharides: agar-agar, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose and carrageenan. For aqueous solutions of carrageenan and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, viscosity was measured at 25°C. In addition, viscosity parameters were measured for 1.5% hhydroxypropyl methylcellulose solutions at 40°C and 60°C. Depending on the gel formation temperature, viscosity of agar-agar solutions was measured at 50°C or 70°C. According to the results of experiments, it was found that viscosity of 1.0-1.5% hydroxypropyl methylcellulose aqueous solutions is in the range of 8.0-80.0 cP. Heating to 100°C at pH 6 results in irreversible destruction of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose molecules. Aqueous solutions of agar-agar are similar to hydroxypropyl methylcellulose solutions but agar-agar is able to gelate at sufficiently low concentrations (from 0.5%). Viscosity of 3.0- 5.0% carrageenan aqueous solutions varies within a wide range: 1.5-1400.0 cP. Thus, rheological properties allow to adjust viscosity of the process mixture in the production of biodegradable polymers in the desired range and in different directions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lyubov Dyshlyuk
- Kemerovo Institute of Food Science and Technology (University)
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