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Recent Advances on Photobleachable Visible Light Photoinitiators of Polymerization. Eur Polym J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.111874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Malik MS, Schlögl S, Wolfahrt M, Sangermano M. Review on UV-Induced Cationic Frontal Polymerization of Epoxy Monomers. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12092146. [PMID: 32962306 PMCID: PMC7570253 DOI: 10.3390/polym12092146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV)-induced cationic frontal polymerization has emerged as a novel technique that allows rapid curing of various epoxy monomers upon UV irradiation within a few seconds. In the presence of a diaryliodonium salt photoinitiator together with a thermal radical initiator, the cationic ring opening polymerization of an epoxide monomer is auto-accelerated in the form of a self-propagating front upon UV irradiation. This hot propagating front generates the required enthalpy to sustain curing reaction throughout the resin formulation without further need for UV irradiation. This unique reaction pathway makes the cationic frontal polymerization a promising route towards the efficient curing of epoxy-based thermosetting resins and related composite structures. This review represents a comprehensive overview of the mechanism and progress of UV-induced cationic frontal polymerization of epoxy monomers that have been reported so far in literature. At the same time, this review covers important aspects on the frontal polymerization of various epoxide monomers involving the chemistry of the initiators, the effect of appropriate sensitizers, diluents and fillers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Salman Malik
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Rossegerstrasse 12, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (M.S.M.); (S.S.); (M.W.)
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Rossegerstrasse 12, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (M.S.M.); (S.S.); (M.W.)
| | - Markus Wolfahrt
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Rossegerstrasse 12, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (M.S.M.); (S.S.); (M.W.)
| | - Marco Sangermano
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, I-10129 Torino, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Liu S, Xia D, Baumgarten M. Rigidly Fused Spiro-Conjugated π-Systems. Chempluschem 2020; 86:36-48. [PMID: 32945571 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Spiro-fused π-systems have gained considerable attention for their application as semiconductors in molecular electronics. Here, a synopsis regarding recent breakthroughs in ladderized spirobifluorenes and indeno-spirobifluorenes, along with further spiro-condensed heteroatomic hydrocarbons with donor-acceptor moieties, is provided. Additionally, an extended range of rigid spirobifluorene polymers and specific doubly linked spiro-systems with partial chiral character is discussed. The diverse applications of the aforementioned structures are thoroughly evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihui Liu
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Debin Xia
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Martin Baumgarten
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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Koyuncu S, Hu P, Li Z, Liu R, Bilgili H, Yagci Y. Fluorene–Carbazole-Based Porous Polymers by Photoinduced Electron Transfer Reactions. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sermet Koyuncu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, 17100 Canakkale, Turkey
| | - Peng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- International Research Center for Photoresponsive Molecules and Materials, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhiquan Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- International Research Center for Photoresponsive Molecules and Materials, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ren Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- International Research Center for Photoresponsive Molecules and Materials, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hakan Bilgili
- Central Research Laboratories, Izmir Katip Celebi University, 35620 İzmir, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Yagci
- Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey
- King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Science, Chemistry Department, 21589 Jeddah, SaudiArabia
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Lauer A, Fast DE, Steinkoenig J, Kelterer AM, Gescheidt G, Barner-Kowollik C. Wavelength-Dependent Photochemical Stability of Photoinitiator-Derived Macromolecular Chain Termini. ACS Macro Lett 2017; 6:952-958. [PMID: 35650897 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.7b00499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report the unique-and first time-wavelength-dependent investigation with strictly monochromatic light of 305-405 nm wavelength into the stability of photoinitiator-derived chain termini of poly(methyl methacrylate) using a tunable laser system fused with pulsed-laser irradiation and size exclusion chromatography hyphenated to high-resolution electrospray mass spectrometry (PLI-SEC-ESI-MS). We assess several substitution patterns of methyl groups on the common benzoyl-type radical fragment. Critically, methyl substitution in the 2- and 6-positions of the benzoyl moiety, i.e., in both ortho-positions, resulted in stable chain ends up to approximately 350 nm. The stability can be attributed to a blue-shift of the n-π* transitions (relevant for the end group reactivity) as predicted by earlier density functional theory (DFT) calculations on model species. In sharp contrast, our experiments show a far reduced stability of the end groups commencing from 400 nm onwards, when the dual ortho-methyl substitution in the benzoyl fragment is missing. Thus, we demonstrate that the substitution pattern on the phenyl ring of the benzoyl group dictates the chain end stability as a function of wavelength in excellent agreement with the quantum chemical predictions. Our study thus provides critical insights into selecting suitable photoinitiation systems for specific wavelength regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Lauer
- School
of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, QLD 4000, Brisbane, Australia
- Macromolecular
Architectures, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institut
für Biologische Grenzflächen (IBG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Herrmann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - David E. Fast
- Institute
of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Jan Steinkoenig
- School
of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, QLD 4000, Brisbane, Australia
- Macromolecular
Architectures, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institut
für Biologische Grenzflächen (IBG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Herrmann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Anne-Marie Kelterer
- Institute
of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Georg Gescheidt
- Institute
of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School
of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, QLD 4000, Brisbane, Australia
- Macromolecular
Architectures, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institut
für Biologische Grenzflächen (IBG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Herrmann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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Debuigne A, Jérôme C, Detrembleur C. Organometallic-mediated radical polymerization of ‘less activated monomers’: Fundamentals, challenges and opportunities. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Dumur F, Gigmes D, Fouassier JP, Lalevée J. Organic Electronics: An El Dorado in the Quest of New Photocatalysts for Polymerization Reactions. Acc Chem Res 2016; 49:1980-9. [PMID: 27560545 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Photoinitiated polymerization has been the subject of continued research efforts due to the numerous applications in which this polymerization technique is involved (coatings, inks, adhesives, optoelectronic, laser imaging, stereolithography, nanotechnology, etc.). More recently, photopolymerization has received renewed interest due to the emergence of 3D-printing technologies. However, despite current academic and industrial interest in photopolymerization methodologies, a major limitation lies in the slow rates of photopolymerization. The development of new photoinitiating systems aimed at addressing this limitation is an active area of research. Photopolymerization occurs through the exposure of a curable formulation to light, generating radical and/or cationic species to initiate polymerization. At present, photopolymerization is facing numerous challenges related to safety, economic and ecological concerns. Furthermore, practical considerations such as the curing depth and the competition for light absorption between the chromophores and other species in the formulation are key parameters drastically affecting the photopolymerization process. To address these issues, photoinitiating systems operating under low intensity visible light irradiation, in the absence of solvents are highly sought after. In this context, the use of photoredox catalysis can be highly advantageous; that is, photoredox catalysts can provide high reactivities with low catalyst loading, permitting access to high performance photoinitiating systems. However, to act as efficient photoredox catalysts, specific criteria have to be fulfilled. A strong absorption over the visible range, an ability to easily oxidize or reduce as well as sufficient photochemical stability are basic prerequisites to make these molecules desirable candidates for photoredox catalysis. Considering the similarity of requirements between organic electronics and photopolymerization, numerous materials initially designed for applications in organic electronics have been revisited in the context of photopolymerization. Organic electronics is a branch of electronics and materials science focusing on the development of semiconductors devoted to three main research fields; organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), organic field-effect transistors (OFETs), and organic solar cells (OSCs). The contribution of organic electronics to the field of electronics is important as it paves the way toward cheaper, lighter, and more energy efficient devices. In the present context of photopolymerization, materials that were investigated as photocatalysts were indifferently organic semiconductors used for transistors, charge-transport materials, and light-emitting materials used in electroluminescent devices or conjugated polymers and small molecule dyes for solar cells. In this Account, we summarize our latest developments in elaborating on photocatalytic systems based on these new classes of compounds. Through an in-depth understanding of the parameters governing their reactivities and our efforts to incorporate these materials into photoinitiating systems, we provide new knowledge and a valuable insight for future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Dumur
- Aix-Marseille
Université, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire ICR, UMR7273, F-13397 Marseille, France
| | - Didier Gigmes
- Aix-Marseille
Université, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire ICR, UMR7273, F-13397 Marseille, France
| | | | - Jacques Lalevée
- Institut de Science
des Matériaux de Mulhouse IS2M, LRC CNRS 7228, UHA, 15 rue Jean Starcky, F-68057 Cedex Mulhouse, France
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