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Gonçalves LFFF, Reis RL, Fernandes EM. Forefront Research of Foaming Strategies on Biodegradable Polymers and Their Composites by Thermal or Melt-Based Processing Technologies: Advances and Perspectives. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1286. [PMID: 38732755 PMCID: PMC11085284 DOI: 10.3390/polym16091286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The last few decades have witnessed significant advances in the development of polymeric-based foam materials. These materials find several practical applications in our daily lives due to their characteristic properties such as low density, thermal insulation, and porosity, which are important in packaging, in building construction, and in biomedical applications, respectively. The first foams with practical applications used polymeric materials of petrochemical origin. However, due to growing environmental concerns, considerable efforts have been made to replace some of these materials with biodegradable polymers. Foam processing has evolved greatly in recent years due to improvements in existing techniques, such as the use of supercritical fluids in extrusion foaming and foam injection moulding, as well as the advent or adaptation of existing techniques to produce foams, as in the case of the combination between additive manufacturing and foam technology. The use of supercritical CO2 is especially advantageous in the production of porous structures for biomedical applications, as CO2 is chemically inert and non-toxic; in addition, it allows for an easy tailoring of the pore structure through processing conditions. Biodegradable polymeric materials, despite their enormous advantages over petroleum-based materials, present some difficulties regarding their potential use in foaming, such as poor melt strength, slow crystallization rate, poor processability, low service temperature, low toughness, and high brittleness, which limits their field of application. Several strategies were developed to improve the melt strength, including the change in monomer composition and the use of chemical modifiers and chain extenders to extend the chain length or create a branched molecular structure, to increase the molecular weight and the viscosity of the polymer. The use of additives or fillers is also commonly used, as fillers can improve crystallization kinetics by acting as crystal-nucleating agents. Alternatively, biodegradable polymers can be blended with other biodegradable polymers to combine certain properties and to counteract certain limitations. This work therefore aims to provide the latest advances regarding the foaming of biodegradable polymers. It covers the main foaming techniques and their advances and reviews the uses of biodegradable polymers in foaming, focusing on the chemical changes of polymers that improve their foaming ability. Finally, the challenges as well as the main opportunities presented reinforce the market potential of the biodegradable polymer foam materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis F. F. F. Gonçalves
- 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs–Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal;
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rui L. Reis
- 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs–Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal;
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Emanuel M. Fernandes
- 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs–Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal;
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
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2
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Rivera P, Torres A, Romero J, Alarcón Á, Martínez S, Arrieta MP, Rodríguez-Mercado F, Galotto MJ. Effect of Operational Variables on Supercritical Foaming of Caffeic Acid-Loaded Poly(lactic acid)/Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) Blends for the Development of Sustainable Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:948. [PMID: 38611209 PMCID: PMC11013249 DOI: 10.3390/polym16070948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Expanded polystyrene will account for 5.3% of total global plastic production in 2021 and is widely used for food packaging due to its excellent moisture resistance and thermal insulation. However, some of these packages are often used only once before being discarded, generating large amounts of environmentally harmful plastic waste. A very attractive alternative to the conventional methods used for polymer processing is the use of supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) since it has mass-transfer properties adapted to the foam morphology, generating different path lengths for the diffusion of active compounds within its structure and can dissolve a wide range of organic molecules under supercritical conditions. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of operational variables on the process of caffeic acid (CA) impregnation and subsequent foaming of polylactic acid (PLA) as well as two PLA/poly(butylene-co-terephthalate-adipate) (PBAT) blends using scCO2. The results showed an increase in the degree of crystallinity of the CA-impregnated samples due to the nucleation effect of the active compound. On the other hand, SEM micrographs of both films and foams showed significant differences due to the presence of PBAT and its low miscibility with PLA. Finally, the results obtained in this work contribute to the knowledge of the important parameters to consider for the implementation of the impregnation and foaming process of PLA and PLA/PBAT blends with potential use in food packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Rivera
- Packaging Innovation Center (LABEN), Technology Faculty, Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology CEDENNA, University of Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170201, Chile; (P.R.); (Á.A.); (S.M.); (F.R.-M.); (M.J.G.)
- Laboratory of Membrane Separation Processes (LabProSeM), Department of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Faculty, University of Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9170201, Chile;
| | - Alejandra Torres
- Packaging Innovation Center (LABEN), Technology Faculty, Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology CEDENNA, University of Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170201, Chile; (P.R.); (Á.A.); (S.M.); (F.R.-M.); (M.J.G.)
| | - Julio Romero
- Laboratory of Membrane Separation Processes (LabProSeM), Department of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Faculty, University of Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9170201, Chile;
| | - Álvaro Alarcón
- Packaging Innovation Center (LABEN), Technology Faculty, Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology CEDENNA, University of Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170201, Chile; (P.R.); (Á.A.); (S.M.); (F.R.-M.); (M.J.G.)
- Laboratory of Membrane Separation Processes (LabProSeM), Department of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Faculty, University of Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9170201, Chile;
| | - Sara Martínez
- Packaging Innovation Center (LABEN), Technology Faculty, Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology CEDENNA, University of Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170201, Chile; (P.R.); (Á.A.); (S.M.); (F.R.-M.); (M.J.G.)
| | - Marina P. Arrieta
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química Industrial y del Medio Ambiente, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (ETSII-UPM), Calle José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain;
- Grupo de Investigación, Polímeros, Caracterización y Aplicaciones (POLCA), 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Rodríguez-Mercado
- Packaging Innovation Center (LABEN), Technology Faculty, Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology CEDENNA, University of Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170201, Chile; (P.R.); (Á.A.); (S.M.); (F.R.-M.); (M.J.G.)
| | - María José Galotto
- Packaging Innovation Center (LABEN), Technology Faculty, Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology CEDENNA, University of Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170201, Chile; (P.R.); (Á.A.); (S.M.); (F.R.-M.); (M.J.G.)
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3
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Milovanovic S, Lukic I, Horvat G, Novak Z, Frerich S, Petermann M, García-González CA. Green Processing of Neat Poly(lactic acid) Using Carbon Dioxide under Elevated Pressure for Preparation of Advanced Materials: A Review (2012-2022). Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15040860. [PMID: 36850144 PMCID: PMC9960451 DOI: 10.3390/polym15040860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This review provides a concise overview of up-to-date developments in the processing of neat poly(lactic acid) (PLA), improvement in its properties, and preparation of advanced materials using a green medium (CO2 under elevated pressure). Pressurized CO2 in the dense and supercritical state is a superior alternative medium to organic solvents, as it is easily available, fully recyclable, has easily tunable properties, and can be completely removed from the final material without post-processing steps. This review summarizes the state of the art on PLA drying, impregnation, foaming, and particle generation by the employment of dense and supercritical CO2 for the development of new materials. An analysis of the effect of processing methods on the final material properties was focused on neat PLA and PLA with an addition of natural bioactive components. It was demonstrated that CO2-assisted processes enable the control of PLA properties, reduce operating times, and require less energy compared to conventional ones. The described environmentally friendly processing techniques and the versatility of PLA were employed for the preparation of foams, aerogels, scaffolds, microparticles, and nanoparticles, as well as bioactive materials. These PLA-based materials can find application in tissue engineering, drug delivery, active food packaging, compostable packaging, wastewater treatment, or thermal insulation, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stoja Milovanovic
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—New Chemical Syntheses Institute, Al. Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego 13a, 24-110 Puławy, Poland
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (I.L.)
| | - Ivana Lukic
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (I.L.)
| | - Gabrijela Horvat
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Zoran Novak
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Sulamith Frerich
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Thermo and Fluid Dynamics, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Marcus Petermann
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Thermo and Fluid Dynamics, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Carlos A. García-González
- I+D Farma Group (GI-1645), Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, iMATUS and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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4
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Kumar P, Sharma N, Ahmed MA, Verma AK, Umaraw P, Mehta N, Abubakar AA, Hayat MN, Kaka U, Lee SJ, Sazili AQ. Technological interventions in improving the functionality of proteins during processing of meat analogs. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1044024. [PMID: 36601080 PMCID: PMC9807037 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1044024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Meat analogs have opened a new horizon of opportunities for developing a sustainable alternative for meat and meat products. Proteins are an integral part of meat analogs and their functionalities have been extensively studied to mimic meat-like appearance and texture. Proteins have a vital role in imparting texture, nutritive value, and organoleptic attributes to meat analogs. Processing of suitable proteins from vegetable, mycoproteins, algal, and single-cell protein sources remains a challenge and several technological interventions ranging from the isolation of proteins to the processing of products are required. The present paper reviews and discusses in detail various proteins (soy proteins, wheat gluten, zein, algal proteins, mycoproteins, pulses, potato, oilseeds, pseudo-cereals, and grass) and their suitability for meat analog production. The review also discusses other associated aspects such as processing interventions that can be adapted to improve the functional and textural attributes of proteins in the processing of meat analogs (extrusion, spinning, Couette shear cell, additive manufacturing/3D printing, and freeze structuring). '.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavan Kumar
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
- Department of Livestock Products Technology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Neelesh Sharma
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, Jammu, India
| | - Muideen Adewale Ahmed
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
| | - Akhilesh K. Verma
- Department of Livestock Products Technology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut, India
| | - Pramila Umaraw
- Department of Livestock Products Technology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut, India
| | - Nitin Mehta
- Department of Livestock Products Technology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Ahmed Abubakar Abubakar
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Nizam Hayat
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
| | - Ubedullah Kaka
- Department of Companion Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
| | - Sung-Jin Lee
- Department of Applied Animal Science, College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si, South Korea
| | - Awis Qurni Sazili
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
- Halal Products Research Institute, Putra Infoport, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
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5
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Haurat M, Sauceau M, Baillon F, Barbenchon LL, Pedros M, Dumon M. Supercritical
CO
2
‐assisted extrusion foaming: A suitable process to produce very lightweight acrylic polymer micro foams. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Haurat
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP/ENSCBP, UMR 5629 PessacCedex France
| | - Martial Sauceau
- Centre RAPSODEE UMR CNRS 5302, IMT Mines Albi, Université de Toulouse Toulouse France
| | - Fabien Baillon
- Centre RAPSODEE UMR CNRS 5302, IMT Mines Albi, Université de Toulouse Toulouse France
| | - Louise Le Barbenchon
- I2M Institut de Mécanique et Ingénierie ‐ UMR CNRS 5295 Université de Bordeaux Bordeaux France
| | - Matthieu Pedros
- Département Science et Génie Matériaux ‐ SGM IUT Université de Bordeaux Bordeaux France
| | - Michel Dumon
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP/ENSCBP, UMR 5629 PessacCedex France
- Département Science et Génie Matériaux ‐ SGM IUT Université de Bordeaux Bordeaux France
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6
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Abstract
Foams produced with biobased materials, such as poly(lactic acid) (PLA), cellulose, starch, and plant oil-based polyurethanes, have become more and more important in the circular economy. However, there are still significant challenges, including inferior performance and higher cost. The use of low-cost filler material has the potential to reduce the cost and alter the composite properties of biobased foams. By selecting biofillers derived from plant material, we can reduce the cost without sacrificing the compostability. This study explored the impact of landfill-diverted biofiller material, ground coffee chaff and rice hulls on the physical properties of biobased foams. Both biofillers were extrusion compounded with PLA, then extruded into rigid foams using a physical blowing agent. A filler concentration up to 10 weight % rice hull or 5 weight % coffee chaff could be incorporated without a significant increase in density, in comparison to the regular PLA foam. The thermal conductivity was similarly unaffected by biofiller loading, with values ranging between 71.5 and 76.2 mW/m-K. Surprisingly, the filler composite foams possessed impressive mechanical properties with all compressive moduli above 300 MPa. Only 5 weight % loading resulted in the doubling of compressive modulus, compared to the regular PLA foam. These results indicate that landfill-diverted fillers can strengthen foam mechanical properties without impacting thermal insulation performance, by forming reinforcing networks within the cell walls.
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7
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Wang K, Huang YQ, Cheng XH, Yeh JT. Micro foaming performance of scCO 2-aid glutaraldehyde/hexametaphosphate/thermoplastic starch foams modified by alkali treatment and montmorillonite nano-platelets. CELLULAR POLYMERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/02624893211073539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The micro foaming performance, moisture resistance and dynamic viscosity of scCO2-aid glutaraldehyde/hexametaphosphate/thermoplastic tapioca starch (GA/SHMP/TOS) foams were considerably improved by proper NaOH treatment. The expansion ratio, resilience rate, dynamic viscosity values of these NaOH modified foams improved to a maximum, as the time for NaOH treatment approached a proper value. The dynamic viscosity, expansion ratio and resilience rate of the scCO2-aid GA/SHMP/TOS foams modified using 110 atm scCO2-pressure, the proper alkali treatment time, SHMP loading and varying montmorillonite (MMT) loadings improved further, as their MMT loadings approached a proper value of 2.5 part per hundred parts of tapioca starch (PHTOS). Relatively large dynamic viscosity (7.1x104 Pa·s), extremely large expansion ratio (∼75), cell density (1.1x109 cells/cm3) and/or resilience rate (∼80%) were acquired for the scCO2-aid GA/SHMP/TOS/MMT foam modified using the proper alkali treatment time and MMT loading. Thermal analyses results showed that crystallization onset temperatures and crystallization rates of scCO2-aid GA/SHMP/TOS/MMT foams modified using the proper alkali treatment time and varying MMT loadings improved to a highest value by adding 2.5 PHTOS of MMT nano-platelets. Possible reasons accounting for the considerably improved micro foaming performance of scCO2-aid GA/SHMP/TOS/MMT foams modified using the proper alkali treatment time and MMT loading are proposed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ya-qiong Huang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-han Cheng
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jen-taut Yeh
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
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8
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Li J, Wang H, Zhou H, Jiang J, Wang X, Li Q. Fabrication of Highly Interconnected Poly(ε-caprolactone)/cellulose Nanofiber Composite Foams by Microcellular Foaming and Leaching Processes. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:22672-22680. [PMID: 34514238 PMCID: PMC8427651 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c02768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, microcellular polycaprolactone (PCL)/sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)/cellulose nanofiber (CNF) composite foams with highly interconnected porous structures were successfully fabricated by microcellular foaming and particle leaching processes. Supercritical CO2 (scCO2) served as a physical foaming agent, NaHCO3 was chosen as a chemical foaming agent and porogen, and CNF acted as a heterogeneous nucleating agent. The effect of scCO2, NaHCO3, and CNF on pore structures and the cofoaming mechanism were investigated. The results indicated that the addition of NaHCO3 and CNF increased the melt strength of the PCL matrix significantly. During the foaming process, the presence of CNF can form a rigid network due to the hydrogen bonding or mechanical entanglement between individual nanofibers, improving the nucleating efficiency but slowing down the cell growth rate. Additionally, due to the interaction of "soft" PCL matrix and "hard" domains in a PCL-based composite during the foaming process, together with the NaHCO3 leaching process, highly interconnected cell structures appeared. The obtained PCL/NaHCO3/CNF composite foams had a cell size of 15.8 μm and cell density of 6.3 × 107 cells/cm3, as well as an open-cell content of 82%. The reported strategy in this paper may provide the guidelines and data supports for the fabrication of a PCL-based porous scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Li
- School
of Mechanics & Safety Engineering, National Center for International
Joint research of Micro-Nano Molding Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Hongyao Wang
- School
of Mechanics & Safety Engineering, National Center for International
Joint research of Micro-Nano Molding Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Hongfu Zhou
- Beijing
Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety
of Plastics, Beijing Technology and Business
University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Jing Jiang
- School
of Mechanical & Power Engineering, Zhengzhou
University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- School
of Mechanics & Safety Engineering, National Center for International
Joint research of Micro-Nano Molding Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Qian Li
- School
of Mechanics & Safety Engineering, National Center for International
Joint research of Micro-Nano Molding Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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9
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Chauvet M, Sauceau M, Baillon F, Fages J. Blending and foaming thermoplastic starch with poly (lactic acid) by
CO
2
‐aided hot melt extrusion. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Margot Chauvet
- IMT Mines Albi; CNRS; Centre RAPSODEE Université de Toulouse Albi France
| | - Martial Sauceau
- IMT Mines Albi; CNRS; Centre RAPSODEE Université de Toulouse Albi France
| | - Fabien Baillon
- IMT Mines Albi; CNRS; Centre RAPSODEE Université de Toulouse Albi France
| | - Jacques Fages
- IMT Mines Albi; CNRS; Centre RAPSODEE Université de Toulouse Albi France
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10
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Villamil Jiménez JA, Le Moigne N, Bénézet JC, Sauceau M, Sescousse R, Fages J. Foaming of PLA Composites by Supercritical Fluid-Assisted Processes: A Review. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25153408. [PMID: 32731388 PMCID: PMC7436275 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Polylactic acid (PLA) is a well-known and commercially available biopolymer that can be produced from different sources. Its different characteristics generated a great deal of interest in various industrial fields. Besides, its use as a polymer matrix for foam production has increased in recent years. With the rise of technologies that seek to reduce the negative environmental impact of processes, chemical foaming agents are being substituted by physical agents, primarily supercritical fluids (SCFs). Currently, the mass production of low-density PLA foams with a uniform cell morphology using SCFs as blowing agents is a challenge. This is mainly due to the low melt strength of PLA and its slow crystallization kinetics. Among the different options to improve the PLA characteristics, compounding it with different types of fillers has great potential. This strategy does not only have foaming advantages, but can also improve the performances of the final composites, regardless of the implemented foaming process, i.e., batch, injection molding, and extrusion. In addition, the operating conditions and the characteristics of the fillers, such as their size, shape factor, and surface chemistry, play an important role in the final foam morphology. This article proposes a critical review on the different SCF-assisted processes and effects of operating conditions and fillers on foaming of PLA composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Andrea Villamil Jiménez
- Polymers Composites and Hybrids (PCH), IMT Mines Ales, 30100 Ales, France; (J.A.V.J.); (J.-C.B.)
- Centre RAPSODEE, IMT Mines Albi, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 81013 Albi, France; (M.S.); (R.S.)
| | - Nicolas Le Moigne
- Polymers Composites and Hybrids (PCH), IMT Mines Ales, 30100 Ales, France; (J.A.V.J.); (J.-C.B.)
- Correspondence: (N.L.M.); (J.F.)
| | - Jean-Charles Bénézet
- Polymers Composites and Hybrids (PCH), IMT Mines Ales, 30100 Ales, France; (J.A.V.J.); (J.-C.B.)
| | - Martial Sauceau
- Centre RAPSODEE, IMT Mines Albi, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 81013 Albi, France; (M.S.); (R.S.)
| | - Romain Sescousse
- Centre RAPSODEE, IMT Mines Albi, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 81013 Albi, France; (M.S.); (R.S.)
| | - Jacques Fages
- Centre RAPSODEE, IMT Mines Albi, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 81013 Albi, France; (M.S.); (R.S.)
- Correspondence: (N.L.M.); (J.F.)
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11
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Development of Poly (Lactide Acid) Foams with Thermally Expandable Microspheres. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12020463. [PMID: 32079245 PMCID: PMC7077686 DOI: 10.3390/polym12020463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study presents the investigation of different content of thermally expandable microsphere (EMS) type of a physical blowing agent added to polylactic acid (PLA). The effects of the different doses of EMS, processing temperatures, and d-lactide content of the polylactic acid were analyzed for foam properties and structures. We characterized the different PLAs and the physical blowing agent with different testing methods (gel permeation chromatography, rotational rheometry, isothermal thermogravimetric analysis, and thermomechanical analysis). The amounts of the foaming agent were 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 wt%, and processing temperatures were 190 °C, 210 °C, and 230 °C. The foam structures were produced by twin-screw extrusion. We used scanning electron microscopy to examine the cell structure of the foams produced, and carried out morphological and mechanical tests as well. The result of extrusion foaming of PLA using different amounts of EMS shows that an exponentially decreasing tendency of density reduction can be achieved, described by the following equation, ρ(x)=1.062∙e-x7.038+0.03 (R2 = 0.947) at 190 °C. With increasing processing temperature, density decreases at a lower rate, due to the effect that the microspheres are unable to hold the pentane gas within the polymer shell structure. The d-lactide content of the PLAs does not have a significant effect on the density of the produced foam structures.
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Wang L, Wang D, Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Li Q, Shen C. Fabrication of open‐porous PCL/PLA tissue engineering scaffolds and the relationship of foaming process, morphology, and mechanical behavior. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Wang
- School of Mechanics and Engineering ScienceZhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 China
- National Center for International Research of Micro‐Nano Molding TechnologyZhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 China
| | - Dongfang Wang
- School of Mechanics and Engineering ScienceZhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 China
- National Center for International Research of Micro‐Nano Molding TechnologyZhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 China
| | - Yiping Zhou
- School of Mechanics and Engineering ScienceZhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 China
- National Center for International Research of Micro‐Nano Molding TechnologyZhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 China
| | - Yantao Zhang
- School of Mechanics and Engineering ScienceZhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 China
- National Center for International Research of Micro‐Nano Molding TechnologyZhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 China
| | - Qian Li
- School of Mechanics and Engineering ScienceZhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 China
- National Center for International Research of Micro‐Nano Molding TechnologyZhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 China
| | - Changyu Shen
- National Center for International Research of Micro‐Nano Molding TechnologyZhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 China
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14
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Fernández-Ronco MP, Hufenus R, Heuberger M. Effect of pressurized CO2 and N2 on the rheology of PLA. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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15
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Kuska R, Milovanovic S, Frerich S, Ivanovic J. Thermal analysis of polylactic acid under high CO2 pressure applied in supercritical impregnation and foaming process design. J Supercrit Fluids 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Chen CX, Peng HH, Guan YX, Yao SJ. Morphological study on the pore growth profile of poly(ε-caprolactone) bi-modal porous foams using a modified supercritical CO2 foaming process. J Supercrit Fluids 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2018.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Hijazi N, Le Moigne N, Rodier E, Sauceau M, Vincent T, Benezet JC, Fages J. Biocomposite films based on poly(lactic acid) and chitosan nanoparticles: Elaboration, microstructural and thermal characterization. POLYM ENG SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nibal Hijazi
- C2MA, IMT Mines Alès, Université de Montpellier; 6 avenue de Clavières, 30319, Alès Cédex France
- Centre RAPSODEE, IMT Mines Albi, Université de Toulouse; CNRS, F-81013, Albi France
| | - Nicolas Le Moigne
- C2MA, IMT Mines Alès, Université de Montpellier; 6 avenue de Clavières, 30319, Alès Cédex France
| | - Elisabeth Rodier
- Centre RAPSODEE, IMT Mines Albi, Université de Toulouse; CNRS, F-81013, Albi France
| | - Martial Sauceau
- Centre RAPSODEE, IMT Mines Albi, Université de Toulouse; CNRS, F-81013, Albi France
| | - Thierry Vincent
- C2MA, IMT Mines Alès, Université de Montpellier; 6 avenue de Clavières, 30319, Alès Cédex France
| | - Jean-Charles Benezet
- C2MA, IMT Mines Alès, Université de Montpellier; 6 avenue de Clavières, 30319, Alès Cédex France
| | - Jacques Fages
- Centre RAPSODEE, IMT Mines Albi, Université de Toulouse; CNRS, F-81013, Albi France
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18
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Sun S, Li Q, Zhao N, Jiang J, Zhang K, Hou J, Wang X, Liu G. Preparation of highly interconnected porous poly(ε-caprolactone)/poly(lactic acid) scaffolds via supercritical foaming. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuhao Sun
- School of Mechanics and Engineering Science; Zhengzhou University, National Center for International Joint research of Micro-Nano Molding Technology; Zhengzhou Henan China
| | - Qian Li
- School of Mechanics and Engineering Science; Zhengzhou University, National Center for International Joint research of Micro-Nano Molding Technology; Zhengzhou Henan China
| | - Na Zhao
- School of Mechanics and Engineering Science; Zhengzhou University, National Center for International Joint research of Micro-Nano Molding Technology; Zhengzhou Henan China
| | - Jing Jiang
- School of Mechanics and Engineering Science; Zhengzhou University, National Center for International Joint research of Micro-Nano Molding Technology; Zhengzhou Henan China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy; Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou Henan China
| | - Kangkang Zhang
- School of Mechanics and Engineering Science; Zhengzhou University, National Center for International Joint research of Micro-Nano Molding Technology; Zhengzhou Henan China
| | - Jianhua Hou
- School of Mechanics and Engineering Science; Zhengzhou University, National Center for International Joint research of Micro-Nano Molding Technology; Zhengzhou Henan China
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- School of Mechanics and Engineering Science; Zhengzhou University, National Center for International Joint research of Micro-Nano Molding Technology; Zhengzhou Henan China
| | - Guoji Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy; Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou Henan China
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Zhang J, Liu L, Liu H, Yoon A, Rizvi SSH, Wang Q. Changes in conformation and quality of vegetable protein during texturization process by extrusion. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 59:3267-3280. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1487383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinchuang Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Li Liu
- Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Hongzhi Liu
- Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Ashton Yoon
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Syed S. H. Rizvi
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Qiang Wang
- Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Beijing, China
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Ivanovic J, Rezwan K, Kroll S. Supercritical CO2
deposition and foaming process for fabrication of biopolyester-ZnO bone scaffolds. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jasna Ivanovic
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, Department of Organic Chemical Technology; University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4; Belgrade 11000 Republic of Serbia
| | - Kurosch Rezwan
- Advanced Ceramics; University of Bremen, Am Biologischen Garten 2; Bremen 28359 Germany
- Centre for Materials and Processes (MAPEX); University of Bremen, Bibliothekstraße 1; Bremen 28359 Germany
| | - Stephen Kroll
- Advanced Ceramics; University of Bremen, Am Biologischen Garten 2; Bremen 28359 Germany
- Centre for Materials and Processes (MAPEX); University of Bremen, Bibliothekstraße 1; Bremen 28359 Germany
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