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Tomiak F, Zitzmann M, Drummer D. A Multi-Material Flame-Retarding System Based on Expandable Graphite for Glass-Fiber-Reinforced PA6. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4100. [PMID: 37896344 PMCID: PMC10610593 DOI: 10.3390/polym15204100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A synergistic multi-material flame retardant system based on expandable graphite (EG), aluminum diethylphosphinate (AlPi), melamine polyphosphate (MPP), and montmorillonite (MMT) has been studied in glass-fiber-reinforced polyamide 6 (PA6). Analytical evaluations and fire performances were evaluated using coupled thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) as well as cone calorimetry, UL-94 fire testing, and limiting oxygen index (LOI). A combination of EG/AlPi/MPP/MMT has been shown to provide superior flame-retarding properties when integrated at 20 wt.% into glass-fiber-reinforced PA6 (25 wt.%), achieving UL-94 V0 classification and an oxygen index of 32%. Strong residue formation resulted in low heat development overall, with a peak heat release rate (pHRR) of 103 kW/m2, a maximum of average heat release rate (MAHRE) of 33 kW/m2, and deficient total smoke production (TSP) of 3.8 m2. Particularly remarkable was the structural stability of the char residue. The char residue could easily withstand an areal weight of 35 g/cm2, showing no visible deformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Tomiak
- Institute of Polymer Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürmberg, Am Weichselgarten 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (M.Z.)
- Bavarian Polymer Institute, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Dr. Mack Strasse 77, 90762 Fuerth, Germany
| | - Melanie Zitzmann
- Institute of Polymer Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürmberg, Am Weichselgarten 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (M.Z.)
- Bavarian Polymer Institute, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Dr. Mack Strasse 77, 90762 Fuerth, Germany
| | - Dietmar Drummer
- Institute of Polymer Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürmberg, Am Weichselgarten 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (M.Z.)
- Bavarian Polymer Institute, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Dr. Mack Strasse 77, 90762 Fuerth, Germany
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2
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Pang C, Zhang C, Li P. Improvement of Core-Shell Lightweight Aggregate by Modifying the Cement-EPS Interface. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2827. [PMID: 37049121 PMCID: PMC10096056 DOI: 10.3390/ma16072827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
To improve the interfacial compatibility between cement matrix and expanded polystyrene (EPS) in core-shell lightweight aggregates (CSLA), the effects of sodium silicate, polyvinyl acetate (PVA) emulsion, vinyl acetate-ethylene (VAE) emulsion, acrylic acid, and acetic acid on the cement-EPS interface were investigated. The density of the interface was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the effect of interfacial agents on the hydration process of cement was studied by the heat of hydration and induction resistivity. The macroscopic properties of the interface of the CSLA were characterized by the "leak-white" rate, drop resistance, and numerical crushing strength. The results show that the sodium silicate densifies the interface by generating hydration products on the EPS surface. At the same time, organic acid enhances the interfacial properties of EPS and cement by increasing the surface roughness, and allowing hydration products to grow in the surface micropores. In terms of the cement hydration process, both interfacial agents delay the cement hydration. Above all, with comprehensive interface properties, "leak-white" rate, and mechanical properties, VAE emulsion and sodium silicate can achieve the best performance with a final crushing resistance of 5.7 MPa, which had a 46% increase compared with the reference group.
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Li W, Qi L, Ye D, Cai W, Xing W. Facile modification of aluminum hypophosphate and its flame retardancy for polystyrene. Chin J Chem Eng 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
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Yang G, Peng K, Zhang H, Song X, Zhou Y, Shao H. Structure and properties of flame‐retardant Lyocell fibers prepared by blending method. POLYM ENG SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.26120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gesheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials College of Material Science and Engineering, Donghua University Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Kang Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials College of Material Science and Engineering, Donghua University Shanghai People's Republic of China
- Research and Development department Kumho‐Sunny Plastic Co., Ltd. Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Huihui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials College of Material Science and Engineering, Donghua University Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Xuejiao Song
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials College of Material Science and Engineering, Donghua University Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials College of Material Science and Engineering, Donghua University Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Huili Shao
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials College of Material Science and Engineering, Donghua University Shanghai People's Republic of China
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Tomiak F, Drummer D. The Impact of β-Radiation Crosslinking on Flammability Properties of PA6 Modified by Commercially Available Flame-Retardant Additives. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14153168. [PMID: 35956684 PMCID: PMC9371137 DOI: 10.3390/polym14153168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A comparative study was conducted investigating the influence of β-radiation crosslinking (β-RC) on the fire behavior of flame retardant-modified polyamide 6 (PA6). In order to provide a comprehensive overview, a variety of commercially available flame-retardant additives were investigated, exhibiting different flame retarding actions such as delusion, char formation, intumescence and flame poisoning. This study focused on the identification of differences in the influence of β-RC on fire behavior. Coupled thermal gravimetrical analysis (TGA) and Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to conduct changes within the decomposition processes. Dynamic thermal analysis (DTA) was used to identify structural stability limits and fire testing was conducted using the limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical UL-94 and cone calorimeter testing. Crosslinking was found to substantially change the fire behavior observed, whereas the observed phenomena were exclusively physical for the given formulations studied: warpage, char residue destruction and anti-dripping. Despite these phenomena being observed for all β-RC formulations, the impact on fire resistivity properties were found to be very different. However, the overall fire protection properties measured in UL-94 fire tests were found to deteriorate for β-RC formulations. Only β-RC formulations based on PA6/EG were found to achieve a UL-94 V0 classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Tomiak
- Institute of Polymer Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Am Weichselgarten 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany;
- Bavarian Polymer Institute, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Dr. Mack Strasse 77, 90762 Fuerth, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Dietmar Drummer
- Institute of Polymer Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Am Weichselgarten 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany;
- Bavarian Polymer Institute, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Dr. Mack Strasse 77, 90762 Fuerth, Germany
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Marset D, Fages E, Gonga E, Ivorra-Martinez J, Sánchez-Nacher L, Quiles-Carrillo L. Development and Characterization of High Environmentally Friendly Composites of Bio-Based Polyamide 1010 with Enhanced Fire Retardancy Properties by Expandable Graphite. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14091843. [PMID: 35567012 PMCID: PMC9103054 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Bio-based polyamide 1010 was melt-compounded with different percentages (2.5 to 10.0 wt.%) of expandable graphite (EGr) as an environmentally friendly solution to improve the flame retardancy properties. The mechanical, morphological, thermal and fire retardancy properties (among others) are analysed. The novelty of the article lies in the use of fully removable polyamide. The effect of the incorporation of EGr in the properties of this polymer was analysed and characterised. The incorporation of EGr into the PA1010 matrix led to very promising results. Mechanically, the EGr provided increased stiffness and a tensile strength up to 7.5 wt.%, verifying good mechanical performance. The DMTA results also show how the incorporation of EGr in the PA1010 matrix clearly increases the stiffness of the composites over the entire temperature range analysed. In terms of physical properties, water absorption of PA1010 was reduced particularly in the 10% EGr, which reduces the water absorption of PA1010 by 20%. In terms of flame retardant properties, with the incorporation of EGr, a significant reduction in the heat release rate (HRR) values as the concentration of the additive increases and a reduction in the maximum peak heat release rate (pHRR) can be observed for all compounds. In particular, it goes from 934 kW/m2 for neat polyamide to a value of 374 kW/m2 with 10% EGr. Finally, an improvement in the UL-94 rating of the 7.5 and 10% EGr composites was also observed, going from V-2 in the PA to V-1 in these composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Marset
- Textile Industry Research Association (AITEX), Plaza Emilio Sala 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (D.M.); (E.F.); (E.G.)
| | - Eduardo Fages
- Textile Industry Research Association (AITEX), Plaza Emilio Sala 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (D.M.); (E.F.); (E.G.)
| | - Eloi Gonga
- Textile Industry Research Association (AITEX), Plaza Emilio Sala 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (D.M.); (E.F.); (E.G.)
| | - Juan Ivorra-Martinez
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (L.S.-N.); (L.Q.-C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-966-528-433
| | - Lourdes Sánchez-Nacher
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (L.S.-N.); (L.Q.-C.)
| | - Luis Quiles-Carrillo
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (L.S.-N.); (L.Q.-C.)
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Tomiak F, Schneider K, Schoeffel A, Rathberger K, Drummer D. Expandable Graphite as a Multifunctional Flame-Retarding Additive for Highly Filled Thermal Conductive Polymer Formulations. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14081613. [PMID: 35458364 PMCID: PMC9031968 DOI: 10.3390/polym14081613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Expandable graphite (EG) and graphite (G) were assessed as multifunctional additives improving both flame retardancy and thermal conductivity in highly filled, thermal conductive polymeric materials based on polyamide 6 (PA6). Fire testing was conducted using modern UL-94, LOI and cone calorimeter test setups. It is demonstrated that thermal conductivity can significantly influence the time to ignition, although offering little fire resistance once ignited even in highly filled systems. Thus, for PA6 formulations containing solely 70 wt.% G, the peak heat release rate (pHRR) measured in cone calorimeter tests was 193 kW/m², whereas PA6 formulations containing 20 wt.% EG/50 wt.% G did not exhibit a measurable heat development. Particular attention was paid to effect separation between thermal conductivity and residue formation. Good thermal conductivity properties are proven to be particularly effective in test scenarios where the heat impact is comparatively low and the testing environment provides good heat dissipation and convective cooling possibilities. For candle-like ignition scenarios (e.g., LOI), filling levels of >50 wt.% (G or EG/G) are shown to be sufficient to suppress ignition exclusively by thermal conductivity. V0 classifications in UL-94 vertical burning tests were achieved for PA6 formulations containing ≥70 wt.% G, ≥25 wt.% EG and ≥20 wt.% EG/25 wt.% G.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Tomiak
- Institute of Polymer Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Am Weichselgarten 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (K.S.); (D.D.)
- Bavarian Polymer Institute, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Dr. Mack Strasse 77, 90762 Fuerth, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Kevin Schneider
- Institute of Polymer Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Am Weichselgarten 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (K.S.); (D.D.)
| | - Angelina Schoeffel
- Georg H. Luh GmbH, Schoene Aussicht 39, 65396 Walluf, Germany; (A.S.); (K.R.)
| | - Klaus Rathberger
- Georg H. Luh GmbH, Schoene Aussicht 39, 65396 Walluf, Germany; (A.S.); (K.R.)
| | - Dietmar Drummer
- Institute of Polymer Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Am Weichselgarten 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (K.S.); (D.D.)
- Bavarian Polymer Institute, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Dr. Mack Strasse 77, 90762 Fuerth, Germany
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Expandable Graphite, Aluminum Diethylphospinate and Melamine Polyphosphate as Flame Retarding System in Glass Fiber-Reinforced PA6. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14061263. [PMID: 35335591 PMCID: PMC8951083 DOI: 10.3390/polym14061263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A flame retardant system based on expandable graphite (EG), aluminum diethylphosphinate (AlPI) and melamine polyphosphate (MPP) was investigated in glass fiber- (GF) reinforced polyamide 6 (PA6). Burning characteristics were evaluated via cone calorimeter, limiting oxygen index (LOI) and UL-94 tests. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and coupled Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to investigate the decomposition process as well as flame retardant modes of actions. Specifically, in the cone calorimeter tests, formulations containing EG showed excellent flame retardant properties for non-reinforced and reinforced PA6. The best performance was achieved for 25 wt.% glass fiber-reinforced PA6 containing solely 20 wt.% EG, corresponding to a measured pHRR of 134 kW/m2 and a total smoke production of 1.2 m2. Higher glass fiber contents of 45 wt.% (30 vol.%) revealed a lower char volume, which was attributed to both the limited space available for expansion and the sheer-induced reduction in particle size during processing. All of the reinforced PA6 formulations only achieved V2 classifications, but this was at low filling degrees (10 wt.%) for both net EG or EG/AlPi/MPP combinations. For GF-reinforced PA6 containing EG/AlPi/MPP mixtures, a synergistic effect was found to improve the oxygen index up to 30.6%.
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Gao C, Shi Y, Chen Y, Zhu S, Feng Y, Lv Y, Yang F, Liu M, Shui W. Constructing segregated polystyrene composites for excellent fire resistance and electromagnetic wave shielding. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 606:1193-1204. [PMID: 34492458 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.08.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Electroconductive polystyrene (PS) composites with ideal flame-retardant properties are considered as potential electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials. In this work, PS/silicon wrapped ammonium polyphosphate/multi-wall carbon nanotubes (PS/SiAPP/MWCNT) composites with segregated structure were synthesized via the methods of balling mill and hot-pressing. The obtained results revealed that the SiAPP and MWCNT were successfully introduced onto PS spheres and showed uniform distribution on the PS surface. The thermogravimetric analysis showed that PS/SiAPP/MWCNT containing 7 wt% MWCNT exhibited excellent thermal stability. Furthermore, the results of cone calorimeter test indicated that the heat release rate and total heat release of the PS/SiAPP/MWCNT containing a loading of 7 wt% MWCNT were reduced by 60.5% and 33.9%, respectively. In addition, the EMI shielding performance could reach 11 dB. Above results implied that the synergistic effect between the MWCNT and SiAPP effectively enhanced the flame retardant performance of the PS by promoting the generation of dense and continuous char layer to protect the PS from burning. The multiple reflection and adsorption are responsible for improved EMI shielding effectiveness. Therefore, segregated PS/SiAPP/MWCNT hybrid is an up-and-coming candidate for satisfactory EMI shielding materials with exceptional fire retardancy for electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiqin Gao
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350116, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongqian Shi
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350116, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yajun Chen
- China Light Industry Engineering Technology Research Center of Advanced Flame Retardants, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Fucheng Road 11, Haidian District, Beijing 100048, People's Republic of China; Petroleum and Chemical Industry Engineering Laboratory of Non-halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Fucheng Road 11, Haidian District, Beijing 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Shicheng Zhu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350116, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuezhan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuancai Lv
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350116, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuqiang Yang
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350116, People's Republic of China
| | - Minghua Liu
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350116, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Shui
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350116, People's Republic of China
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Expandable Graphite for Flame Retardant PA6 Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13162733. [PMID: 34451272 PMCID: PMC8400737 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A new expandable graphite (EG) type was studied as a flame retardant additive in Polyamide 6 (PA6). The fire behavior was characterized by a cone calorimeter using external heat fluxes of 35, 50 and 65 kW/m2, limiting the oxygen index (LOI) and UL-94 burning tests. Additionally, electric and thermal conductivity as well as rheological properties were characterized to provide a general property overview. Fire tests were conducted using dry and humid conditioned samples. Cone Calorimeter tests showed a minimum filling degree of 15 wt.% (8.6 vol.%) EG was required to achieve a significant fire inhibiting effect in PA6 independent of the sample condition. UL-94 fire tests show a V0 classification at filling degrees greater than 20 wt.% (humid) and 25 wt.% (dry), although the associated LOI values of 39% and 38% demonstrate good flammability inhibition. Correlation analyses were conducted to identify major influences given by the sample condition for most important key figures measured in cone calorimeter tests. Accordingly, humid-conditioned samples containing between 2.5 (PA6 + 25 wt.% EG) and 4.2 wt.% (PA6) water were found to reduce the total heat evolved (THE) on average by 16% and the total smoke production (TSP) on average by 22%.
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A Synergistic Flame Retardant System Based on Expandable Graphite, Aluminum (Diethyl-)Polyphospinate and Melamine Polyphosphate for Polyamide 6. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13162712. [PMID: 34451250 PMCID: PMC8400679 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Expandable graphite (EG), aluminum (diethyl)polyphosphinate (AlPi) and melamine polyphophate (MPP) was used as flame retardant multi-material additive in a polyamide 6 (PA6) matrix. Flame inhabitation performances were conducted by cone calorimeter, LOI and UL-94 tests, synergisms identified analyzed by TGA-FTIR and TGA-GC/MS and effects found were comprehensively discussed. SEM images were used for char residue characterization. For PA6 containing 20 wt.% EG and 5 wt.% AlPi/MPP (3:2), a well working synergism in limiting oxygen indices could be identified exhibiting the highest oxygen index (OI) measured: 46%. The study shows that the synergism due to the partial substitution of EG by AlPi/MPP can be attributed to two effects: (1) When PA6/AlPi/MPP mixtures decompose predominantly CO2 evaporates in early decomposition stages. CO2 evaporations was found to be sensitive to the heating rate applied, whereas specifically high heating rates increased the CO2 yield measured. (2) Solid decomposition products of AlPi/MPP act as "glue" between expanded graphite and thus increase the mechanical residue stability.
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Pang Q, Kang F, Deng J, Lei L, Lu J, Shao S. Flame retardancy effects between expandable graphite and halloysite nanotubes in silicone rubber foam. RSC Adv 2021; 11:13821-13831. [PMID: 35423935 PMCID: PMC8697518 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra01409a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of expandable graphite (EG) and modified halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) on the flame retardant properties of silicone rubber foam (SiF) was studied in this paper. Modified HNTs were obtained by surface modification of the silane-coupling agent A-171. The flame retardancy of SiF was studied by limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical combustion and cone calorimeter tests. The mechanical properties of SiF were analyzed by a universal mechanical testing machine. The LOI results showed that EG/HNTS@A-171 could enhance the LOI of SiF. The cone calorimeter test results showed that EG/HNTS@A-171 effectively reduced the peak heat release rate, the total heat release rate, the smoke production rate, the total smoke production rate, the CO production rate and the CO2 production rate and increased the carbon residue rate. TGA shows that main chain pyrolysis temperature of the SiF is delayed by 123 °C. The mechanical properties test results showed that EG/HNTS@A-171 improved the tensile strength of SiF. These results indicated that EG/HNTS@A-171 can significantly improve the flame retardant performance of SiF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingtao Pang
- College of Safety Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an 710054 P. R. China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Coal Fire, Xi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an 710054 P. R. China
| | - Furu Kang
- College of Safety Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an 710054 P. R. China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Coal Fire, Xi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an 710054 P. R. China
| | - Jun Deng
- College of Safety Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an 710054 P. R. China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Coal Fire, Xi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an 710054 P. R. China
| | - Lei Lei
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an 710054 P. R. China
| | - Jie Lu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an 710054 P. R. China
| | - Shuiyuan Shao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an 710054 P. R. China
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Nontasak W, Thongnuanchan B, Ninjan R, Lopattananon N, Wannavilai P, Nakason C. Fire-retardant wood coating based on natural rubber bearing methacrylic functionality. JOURNAL OF POLYMER ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/polyeng-2020-0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe main objective of the present work was to develop intumescent fire-retardant coating (IFRC) for wood based on modified natural rubber (NR). A newly modified form of NR, namely graft copolymers of NR and poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA), NR-g-PMAA, was first synthesized by a solution polymerization technique. The IFRC was then prepared by compounding the synthesized NR-g-PMAA with a curing agent and an intumescent additive to form a compound coating. Cross-linking of the NR-g-PMAA coating was achieved by reactions with polyisocyanate based on hexamethylene diisocyanate (poly‐HDI) under ambient conditions. Interactions of NR-g-PMAA with poly‐HDI were also studied using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Expandable graphite (EG) was employed as intumescent filler in the present study. The thermal stability of the NR-g-PMAA coating films was first studied by thermogravimetric analysis. The fire-retardant properties of wood, with or without the NR-g-PMAA coating, were then examined using the limiting oxygen index and cone calorimetry test. The flammability tests indicate that the flame-retardant properties of wood were greatly improved by treatment with the NR-g-PMAA-based IFRC. Hence, it can be stated that this new form of modified NR has shown to possess potential application in the IFRC when used in combination with EG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Watcharapong Nontasak
- Department of Rubber Technology and Polymer Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Pattani, 94000, Thailand
| | - Bencha Thongnuanchan
- Department of Rubber Technology and Polymer Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Pattani, 94000, Thailand
| | - Rattanawadee Ninjan
- Department of Rubber Technology and Polymer Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Pattani, 94000, Thailand
| | - Natinee Lopattananon
- Department of Rubber Technology and Polymer Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Pattani, 94000, Thailand
| | - Puripong Wannavilai
- National Metal and Materials Technology Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Charoen Nakason
- Faculty of Science and Industrial Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Surat Thani, 84000, Thailand
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14
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Thi NH, Nguyen TN, Oanh HT, Trang NTT, Tham DQ, Nguyen HT, Van Nguyen T, Hoang MH. Synergistic effects of aluminum hydroxide, red phosphorus, and expandable graphite on the flame retardancy and thermal stability of polyethylene. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nhung Hac Thi
- Institute of Chemistry Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Hanoi Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Thanh Nhan Nguyen
- Institute of Chemistry Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Ho Thi Oanh
- Institute of Chemistry Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Hanoi Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Thu Trang
- Institute for Tropical Technology Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Do Quang Tham
- Institute for Tropical Technology Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Ha Tran Nguyen
- Faculty of Materials Technology Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Tuyen Van Nguyen
- Institute of Chemistry Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Hanoi Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Mai Ha Hoang
- Institute of Chemistry Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Hanoi Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Hanoi Vietnam
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15
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Ullah S, Ahmad F, Al‐Sehemi AG, Assiri MA, Raza MR, Irfan A. Effect of expandable graphite and ammonium polyphosphate on the thermal degradation and weathering of intumescent
fire‐retardant
coating. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sami Ullah
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science King Khalid University Abha Saudi Arabia
| | - Faiz Ahmad
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS Bandar Seri Iskandar Malaysia
| | - Abdullah G. Al‐Sehemi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science King Khalid University Abha Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Ali Assiri
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science King Khalid University Abha Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Rafi Raza
- Department of Mechanical Engineering COMSATS University Islamabad—Sahiwal Campus Sahiwal Pakistan
| | - Ahmad Irfan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science King Khalid University Abha Saudi Arabia
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16
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Liu C, Zhang P, Shi Y, Rao X, Cai S, Fu L, Feng Y, Wang L, Zheng X, Yang W. Enhanced Fire Safety of Rigid Polyurethane Foam via Synergistic Effect of Phosphorus/Nitrogen Compounds and Expandable Graphite. Molecules 2020; 25:E4741. [PMID: 33076563 PMCID: PMC7587603 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to explore highly efficient flame-retardant rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF), phosphorus/nitrogen compounds and expandable graphite (EG) were successfully incorporated into RPUF by a free one-spot method. The combustion results showed that the fire safety of the RPUF samples was remarkably improved by the addition of phosphoric/nitrogen compounds and EG. With the incorporation of 22.4 wt.% phosphorus/nitrogen compounds and 3.2 wt.% EG, the RPUF composites achieved UL-94 V-0 rating. Besides, the total heat release and total smoke release of RPUF composites were reduced by 29.6% and 32.4% respectively, compared to those of the pure RPUF sample. PO• and PO2• together with nonflammable gaseous products were evolved from phosphoric/nitrogen compounds in the gas phase, which quenched the flammable free radicals in the matrix and diluted the concentration of combustible gaseous products generated from PRUF during combustion. The compact char residues which acted as excellent physical barriers were formed by catalysis of EG and phosphoric/nitrogen compounds in the condense phase. The fire hazard of RPUF was significantly reduced by the synergistic effect of phosphorus-nitrogen compounds and EG. This work provides a promising strategy to enhance the fire safety of RPUF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Liu
- College of Environment and Resources, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350116, China; (C.L.); (X.R.); (S.C.)
| | - Ping Zhang
- State key Laboratory of Enviromental Friendly Energy Materials & Department of Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China;
| | - Yongqian Shi
- College of Environment and Resources, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350116, China; (C.L.); (X.R.); (S.C.)
| | - Xiaohui Rao
- College of Environment and Resources, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350116, China; (C.L.); (X.R.); (S.C.)
| | - Suncheng Cai
- College of Environment and Resources, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350116, China; (C.L.); (X.R.); (S.C.)
| | - Libi Fu
- College of Civil Engineering, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350116, China;
| | - Yuezhan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, China;
| | - Liancong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Safety Technology, CCTEG Shenyang Research Institute, Fushun 113122, China
| | - Xueqin Zheng
- College of Safety and Environment, Fujian Chuanzheng Communications College, 80 Shoushan Road, Fuzhou 350007, China;
| | - Wei Yang
- School of Energy, Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, China
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17
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Baby A, Tretsiakova-McNally S, Arun M, Joseph P, Zhang J. Reactive and Additive Modifications of Styrenic Polymers with Phosphorus-Containing Compounds and Their Effects on Fire Retardance. Molecules 2020; 25:E3779. [PMID: 32825185 PMCID: PMC7504409 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Polystyrene, despite its high flammability, is widely used as a thermal insulation material for buildings, for food packaging, in electrical and automotive industries, etc. A number of modification routes have been explored to improve the fire retardance and boost the thermal stability of commercially important styrene-based polymeric products. The earlier strategies mostly involved the use of halogenated fire retardants. Nowadays, these compounds are considered to be persistent pollutants that are hazardous to public and environmental health. Many well-known halogen-based fire retardants, regardless of their chemical structures and modes of action, have been withdrawn from built environments in the European Union, USA, and Canada. This had triggered a growing research interest in, and an industrial demand for, halogen-free alternatives, which not only will reduce the flammability but also address toxicity and bioaccumulation issues. Among the possible options, phosphorus-containing compounds have received greater attention due to their excellent fire-retarding efficiencies and environmentally friendly attributes. Numerous reports were also published on reactive and additive modifications of polystyrene in different forms, particularly in the last decade; hence, the current article aims to provide a critical review of these publications. The authors mainly intend to focus on the chemistries of phosphorous compounds, with the P atom being in different chemical environments, used either as reactive, or additive, fire retardants in styrene-based materials. The chemical pathways and possible mechanisms behind the fire retardance are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aloshy Baby
- Belfast School of Architecture and the Built Environment, Ulster University, Newtownabbey BT37 0QB, UK; (A.B.); (J.Z.)
| | - Svetlana Tretsiakova-McNally
- Belfast School of Architecture and the Built Environment, Ulster University, Newtownabbey BT37 0QB, UK; (A.B.); (J.Z.)
| | - Malavika Arun
- Institute of Sustainable Industries and Liveable Cities, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne 8001, Victoria, Australia; (M.A.); (P.J.)
| | - Paul Joseph
- Institute of Sustainable Industries and Liveable Cities, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne 8001, Victoria, Australia; (M.A.); (P.J.)
| | - Jianping Zhang
- Belfast School of Architecture and the Built Environment, Ulster University, Newtownabbey BT37 0QB, UK; (A.B.); (J.Z.)
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18
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Zhu N, Chen H, Gao X, Hou R, Ni Z, Chen M. Fabrication of LDPE/PS interpolymer resin particles through a swelling suspension polymerization approach. E-POLYMERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/epoly-2020-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractA facile method to prepare low-density polyethylene (LDPE)/polystyrene (PS) interpolymer resin particles by swelling suspension polymerization without addition of extra swelling agent was developed. The polymerization temperature, polymerization time, and initiator concentration were investigated. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis confirmed that the LDPE/PS interpolymer resin particles were successfully prepared and a small amount of PS-g-LDPE existed in the resin. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that PS was uniformly distributed in the LDPE matrix, indicating excellent compatibility between PS and LDPE. The mechanical properties of LDPE/PS interpolymer resin were intermediate between PS and LDPE polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianqing Zhu
- School of Medicine and Chemical Engineering and Technology, Taizhou University, 93 Jichuan Road, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Hailong Chen
- School of Medicine and Chemical Engineering and Technology, Taizhou University, 93 Jichuan Road, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Xinxing Gao
- School of Medicine and Chemical Engineering and Technology, Taizhou University, 93 Jichuan Road, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Rongjie Hou
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhongbing Ni
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Mingqing Chen
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
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19
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Synthesis, Characterization of sym-2,4,6-trisubstituted-s-Triazine Derivatives and Their Effects on Flame Retardancy of Polypropylene Composites. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8050581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polypropylene (PP) is flammable material, which brings latent danger to the environment and human society. Therefore, developing new environmentally friendly and effective flame-retardant is one of the most important ways to improve the flame retardancy of PP and improve safety during its lifetime. Herein, we describe the synthesis of five sym-2,4,6-trisubstituted-s-triazine derivatives, namely, N2,N4,N6-triphenyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine (TAT), N2,N4,N6-tris(4-bromophenyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine (TBAT), N2,N4,N6-tris(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine (TCAT), 4,4′,4″-((1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triyl) tris(azanediyl)) triphenol (THAT), and N2,N4,N6-tris(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine (TMAT), from the reaction of cyanuric chloride and p-substituted aniline employing conventional heating or microwave irradiation. The prepared compounds characterized by different techniques, such as Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), Ultra-Violet and Visible (UV-Vis), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR and 13C-NMR), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The effect of substituent on the aniline moiety has great impact on its thermal stability, as observed from the TGA and DSC data. Based on the TGA and DSC results, three triazine derivatives TAT, TBAT, and TMAT were used as charring agents in the presence of different proportions of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) to form an intumescent flame-retardant (IFR) system, to improve the flame retardancy of PP. The flammability property of PP was investigated by a vertical burning test (UL94). The results of UL94 revealed that the TXAT/APP (IFR) system influence the PP and could improve the flame retardancy of PP. Best results were obtained with the mass ratio of APP and TXAT 2:1. When the IFR loading was 25 wt%, it displayed great influence and passed V-0 with TMAT, and V-1 with both TAT and TBAT in the UL94 test.
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20
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Ji W, Yao Y, Guo J, Fei B, Gu X, Li H, Sun J, Zhang S. Toward an understanding of how red phosphorus and expandable graphite enhance the fire resistance of expandable polystyrene foams. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenfei Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Organic‐Inorganic CompositesBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Yuan Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic‐Inorganic CompositesBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Jia Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Special Functional Waterproof MaterialsBeijing Oriental Yuhong Waterproof Technology Co., Ltd. Beijing China
| | - Bin Fei
- Institute of Textiles and ClothingThe Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong China
| | - Xiaoyu Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic‐Inorganic CompositesBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer CompositesBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Hongfei Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer CompositesBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Jun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Organic‐Inorganic CompositesBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
- Institute of Textiles and ClothingThe Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer CompositesBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
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21
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Intumescent flame retardant behavior of charring agents with different aggregation of piperazine/triazine groups in polypropylene. Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.108982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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22
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Wang G, Li W, Bai S, Wang Q. Synergistic Effects of Flame Retardants on the Flammability and Foamability of PS Foams Prepared by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Foaming. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:9306-9315. [PMID: 31460020 PMCID: PMC6648846 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Halogen-free flame-retardant polystyrene (PS) foams prepared by supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) foaming have been achieved. The flame-retardants include expandable graphite (EG) and melamine phosphate (MP), and their influence on the foamability, decomposition behavior, fire performance, and mechanical properties of PS foams were investigated. It has been shown that flame retardants can generate inert gases and catalyze the char formation from PS, and the formed thick char layer with a notable barrier property can greatly decrease the heat release of PS foams. The addition of triphenyl phosphate (TPP) or hexaphenoxycyclotriphosphazene (HPCTP), which acts as a flame-retardant plasticizer, can obviously improve the foamability and fire performance of the foams. TPP or HPCTP can generate active phosphorous species and phenoxyl radicals to enhance the gas phase flame-retardant effect; therefore, the flame-retarded PS foams (with 25 wt % MP/EG) achieve HF1 and V-0 ratings, with limiting oxygen index (LOI) values of 30.1 or 29.6%, respectively. The numerical assessment of synergistic effects of TPP and HPCTP on further enhancing flame retardancy of PS foams has been provided by the microcalorimeter (MCC) test. Further X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) investigation on char residues of PS foams demonstrates the formation of the P-O-C and other stable structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Wenzhi Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Special Functional Waterproof Materials, Beijing 101300, China
| | - Shibing Bai
- State
Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Qi Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
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23
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He J, Zeng W, Shi M, Lv X, Fan H, Lei Z. Influence of expandable graphite on flame retardancy and thermal stability property of unsaturated polyester resins/organic magnesium hydroxide composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinnan He
- Key Laboratory of Eco‐Environment‐Related Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNorthwest Normal University Lanzhou 730070 China
| | - Wei Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Eco‐Environment‐Related Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNorthwest Normal University Lanzhou 730070 China
| | - Miaomiao Shi
- Key Laboratory of Eco‐Environment‐Related Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNorthwest Normal University Lanzhou 730070 China
| | - Xinyao Lv
- Key Laboratory of Eco‐Environment‐Related Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNorthwest Normal University Lanzhou 730070 China
| | - Hui Fan
- Key Laboratory of Eco‐Environment‐Related Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNorthwest Normal University Lanzhou 730070 China
| | - Ziqiang Lei
- Key Laboratory of Eco‐Environment‐Related Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNorthwest Normal University Lanzhou 730070 China
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24
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Yuan B, Wang G, Bai S, Liu P. Preparation of halogen‐free flame‐retardant expandable polystyrene foam by suspension polymerization. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials EngineeringPolymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials EngineeringPolymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Shibing Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials EngineeringPolymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Pengju Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials EngineeringPolymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 China
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25
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Wang Y, Jiang H, Ni J, Chen J, Zhou H, Wang X, Xin F. Study on the effect of PolyFR and its FR system on the flame retardancy and foaming behavior of polystyrene. RSC Adv 2019; 9:192-205. [PMID: 35521612 PMCID: PMC9059262 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra09680e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmentally-friendly flame retardant, PolyFR, has an excellent effect on the flame retardancy and foaming behavior of polystyrene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqiao Wang
- School of Materials and Mechanical Engineering
- Beijing Technology and Business University
- Beijing 100048
- People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics
| | - Hanchuan Jiang
- School of Materials and Mechanical Engineering
- Beijing Technology and Business University
- Beijing 100048
- People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics
| | - Jingyue Ni
- School of Materials and Mechanical Engineering
- Beijing Technology and Business University
- Beijing 100048
- People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics
| | - Jianze Chen
- School of Materials and Mechanical Engineering
- Beijing Technology and Business University
- Beijing 100048
- People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics
| | - Hongfu Zhou
- School of Materials and Mechanical Engineering
- Beijing Technology and Business University
- Beijing 100048
- People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics
| | - Xiangdong Wang
- School of Materials and Mechanical Engineering
- Beijing Technology and Business University
- Beijing 100048
- People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics
| | - Fei Xin
- School of Materials and Mechanical Engineering
- Beijing Technology and Business University
- Beijing 100048
- People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics
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26
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Zhu ZM, Rao WH, Kang AH, Liao W, Wang YZ. Highly effective flame retarded polystyrene by synergistic effects between expandable graphite and aluminum hypophosphite. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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27
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Zhang S, Ji W, Han Y, Gu X, Li H, Sun J. Flame-retardant expandable polystyrene foams coated with ethanediol-modified melamine-formaldehyde resin and microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Wenfei Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Yi Han
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Xiaoyu Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Hongfei Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Jun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
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