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da Silva MM, Proença MP, Covas JA, Paiva MC. Shape-Memory Polymers Based on Carbon Nanotube Composites. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:748. [PMID: 38930718 PMCID: PMC11205355 DOI: 10.3390/mi15060748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
For the past two decades, researchers have been exploring the potential benefits of combining shape-memory polymers (SMP) with carbon nanotubes (CNT). By incorporating CNT as reinforcement in SMP, they have aimed to enhance the mechanical properties and improve shape fixity. However, the remarkable intrinsic properties of CNT have also opened up new paths for actuation mechanisms, including electro- and photo-thermal responses. This opens up possibilities for developing soft actuators that could lead to technological advancements in areas such as tissue engineering and soft robotics. SMP/CNT composites offer numerous advantages, including fast actuation, remote control, performance in challenging environments, complex shape deformations, and multifunctionality. This review provides an in-depth overview of the research conducted over the past few years on the production of SMP/CNT composites with both thermoset and thermoplastic matrices, with a focus on the unique contributions of CNT to the nanocomposite's response to external stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Martins da Silva
- Institute for Polymers and Composites, University of Minho, Campus of Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; (M.M.d.S.); (J.A.C.)
| | - Mariana Paiva Proença
- ISOM and Departamento de Electrónica Física, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ava. Complutense 30, E-28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - José António Covas
- Institute for Polymers and Composites, University of Minho, Campus of Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; (M.M.d.S.); (J.A.C.)
| | - Maria C. Paiva
- Institute for Polymers and Composites, University of Minho, Campus of Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; (M.M.d.S.); (J.A.C.)
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Zhao Z, Qing Y, Kong L, Xu H, Fan X, Yun J, Zhang L, Wu H. Advancements in Microwave Absorption Motivated by Interdisciplinary Research. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2304182. [PMID: 37870274 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202304182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Microwave absorption materials (MAMs) are originally developed for military purposes, but have since evolved into versatile materials with promising applications in modern technologies, including household use. Despite significant progress in bench-side research over the past decade, MAMs remain limited in their scope and have yet to be widely adopted. This review explores the history of MAMs from first-generation coatings to second-generation functional absorbers, identifies bottlenecks hindering their maturation. It also presents potential solutions such as exploring broader spatial scales, advanced characterization, introducing liquid media, utilizing novel toolbox (machine learning, ML), and proximity of lab to end-user. Additionally, it meticulously presents compelling applications of MAMs in medicine, mechanics, energy, optics, and sensing, which go beyond absorption efficiency, along with their current development status and prospects. This interdisciplinary research direction differs from previous research which primarily focused on meeting traditional requirements (i.e., thin, lightweight, wide, and strong), and can be defined as the next generation of smart absorbers. Ultimately, the effective utilization of ubiquitous electromagnetic (EM) waves, aided by third-generation MAMs, should be better aligned with future expectations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehao Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry Under Extraordinary, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Yuchang Qing
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Luo Kong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Green Preparation and Functionalization for Inorganic Materials, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Hailong Xu
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Xiaomeng Fan
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Jijun Yun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry Under Extraordinary, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Limin Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry Under Extraordinary, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Hongjing Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry Under Extraordinary, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
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Li Y, Wu J, Yang P, Song L, Wang J, Xing Z, Zhao J. Multi-Degree-of-Freedom Robots Powered and Controlled by Microwaves. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2203305. [PMID: 35986431 PMCID: PMC9561789 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202203305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microwaves have become a promising wireless driving strategy due to the advantages of transmissivity through obstacles, fast energy targeting, and selective heating. Although there are some studies on microwave powered artificial muscles based on different structures, the lack of studies on microwave control has limited the development of microwave-driven (MWD) robots. Here, a far-field MWD parallel robot controlled by adjusting energy distribution via changing the polarization direction of microwaves at 2.47 GHz is first reported. The parallel robot is based on three double-layer bending actuators composed of wave-absorbing sheets and bimetallic sheets, and it can implement circular and triangular path at a distance of 0.4 m under 700 W transmitting power. The thermal response rate of the actuator under microwaves is studied, and it is found that the electric-field components can provide a faster thermal response at the optimal length of actuator than magnetic-field components. The work of the parallel robot is demonstrated in an enclosed space composed of microwave-transparent materials. This developed method demonstrates the multi-degree-of-freedom controllability for robots using microwaves and offers potential solutions for some engineering cases, such as pipeline/reactors inspection and medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongze Li
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringHarbin Institute of TechnologyWeihai264209China
| | - Jianyu Wu
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringHarbin Institute of TechnologyWeihai264209China
| | - Peizhuo Yang
- School of Information Science and EngineeringHarbin Institute of TechnologyWeihai264209China
| | - Lizhong Song
- School of Information Science and EngineeringHarbin Institute of TechnologyWeihai264209China
| | - Jun Wang
- School of Information Science and EngineeringHarbin Institute of TechnologyWeihai264209China
| | - Zhiguang Xing
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringHarbin Institute of TechnologyWeihai264209China
| | - Jianwen Zhao
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringHarbin Institute of TechnologyWeihai264209China
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Mechanical and thermal performances of epoxy resin/graphitic carbon nitride composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Herren B, Charara M, Saha MC, Altan MC, Liu Y. Rapid Microwave Polymerization of Porous Nanocomposites with Piezoresistive Sensing Function. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10020233. [PMID: 32013133 PMCID: PMC7075205 DOI: 10.3390/nano10020233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) nanocomposites with piezoresistive sensing function were fabricated using microwave irradiation. The effects of precuring time on the mechanical and electrical properties of nanocomposites were investigated. The increased viscosity and possible nanofiller re-agglomeration during the precuring process caused decreased microwave absorption, resulting in extended curing times, and decreased porosity and electrical conductivity in the cured nanocomposites. The porosity generated during the microwave-curing process was investigated with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and density measurements. Increased loadings of MWCNTs resulted in shortened curing times and an increased number of small well-dispersed closed-cell pores. The mechanical properties of the synthesized nanocomposites including stress–strain behaviors and Young’s Modulus were examined. Experimental results demonstrated that the synthesized nanocomposites with 2.5 wt. % MWCNTs achieved the highest piezoresistive sensitivity with an average gauge factor of 7.9 at 10% applied strain. The piezoresistive responses of these nanocomposites were characterized under compressive loads at various maximum strains, loading rates, and under viscoelastic stress relaxation conditions. The 2.5 wt. % nanocomposite was successfully used in an application as a skin-attachable compression sensor for human motion detection including squeezing a golf ball.
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Enhanced Electrical Conductivity of Carbon Nanotube-Based Elastomer Nanocomposites Prepared by Microwave Curing. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11071212. [PMID: 31331080 PMCID: PMC6680581 DOI: 10.3390/polym11071212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanocomposites consisting of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and well-dispersed carbon nanotubes (CNT) can be cured by microwave radiation within a minute, forming a conductive network within the cured materials. Microwave irradiation delivers energy directly to the inner core of the nanocomposites by heating CNTs and initiating rapid polymerization of the elastomer. In this paper, nanocomposites were fabricated with CNT loadings between 0.5 wt.%–2.5 wt.% via microwave irradiation. Key properties of the nanocomposites including electrical conductivity, microstructures, CNT distribution, density, and surface effects were all characterized. The properties of microwave-cured nanocomposites were compared with those manufactured by the thermal method using a conventional oven. The microwave-curing method substantially increased the electrical conductivity of the nanocomposites due to the improved nanoparticle dispersion and likely CNT alignment. Optimal microwave-curing parameters were identified to further improve the conductivity of the nanocomposites with lowest CNT loading. A conductivity enhancement of 142.8% over thermally cured nanocomposites was achieved for nanocomposites with 1 wt.% CNTs cured via one-step microwave irradiation.
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Chen L, Li W, Liu X, Zhang C, Zhou H, Song S. Carbon nanotubes array reinforced shape-memory epoxy with fast responses to low-power microwaves. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Henan Mechanical and Electrical Vocational College, No.1 Taishan Road; Zhengzhou 451191 China
- Department of Astronautical Science and Mechanics; Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 92 West Dazhi Street; Harbin 150001 China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Henan Mechanical and Electrical Vocational College, No.1 Taishan Road; Zhengzhou 451191 China
| | - Xiaopei Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Henan Mechanical and Electrical Vocational College, No.1 Taishan Road; Zhengzhou 451191 China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Henan Mechanical and Electrical Vocational College, No.1 Taishan Road; Zhengzhou 451191 China
| | - Hang Zhou
- Industrial Technology Research Institute; Henan Mechanical and Electrical Vocational College, No.1 Taishan Road; Zhengzhou 451191 China
| | - Shuwen Song
- Industrial Technology Research Institute; Henan Mechanical and Electrical Vocational College, No.1 Taishan Road; Zhengzhou 451191 China
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Tao R, Liu X, Yang QS, He XQ. Design and analysis of smart diaphragm based on shape memory polymer. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ran Tao
- Department of Engineering Mechanics; Beijing University of Technology; Beijing 100124 China
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Engineering Mechanics; Beijing University of Technology; Beijing 100124 China
| | - Qing-Sheng Yang
- Department of Engineering Mechanics; Beijing University of Technology; Beijing 100124 China
| | - Xiao-Qiao He
- Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering; City University of Hong Kong; Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Hong Kong
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Hu G, Zhang X, Liu L, Weng L. Improvement of graphene oxide/epoxy resin adhesive properties through interface modification. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008318772328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The heat-conducting, dielectric, and bonding properties of a composite adhesive have been enhanced using toluene diisocyanate (TDI) to chemically modify the interface between graphene oxide (GO) and epoxy resin (EP), which was characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The thermal conductivity of TDI10-GO0.5/EP was 0.624 W·m−1·K−1 (166% of EP and 117% of GO0.5/EP), with its TDI10-GO0.5/EP interfacial thermal resistance being reduced by a factor of 36 times GO0.5/EP. The insulating properties of the adhesive in small resistors and capacitors were improved by the inclusion of GO, with the dielectric strength of the adhesive shown to be 25.96 kV·mm−1 and its volume resistivity found to be 1.50 × 1014 Ω·m.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangkai Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaorui Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Dielectrics and Its Application, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lizhu Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Dielectrics and Its Application, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling Weng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Dielectrics and Its Application, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
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