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Li X, Lin M, Ali I, Ali A, Irfan M, Soomro TA, Choi SH, Yang W, Li H, Rahman S, Faraj Mursal SN, Jazem Ghanim AA, Alyahyawy O, Al thagafi MA. Characteristics Analysis of Plasticized Polyvinyl Chloride Gel-Based Microlens at Different Temperatures. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:28924-28931. [PMID: 37576690 PMCID: PMC10413451 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c04546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Temperature plays a crucial role in the preparation of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) gels for optical applications. Incorrect temperature selection can lead to various issues such as poor surface roughness, inadequate light transmission, and insufficient solution for optical devices. To address this challenge, this study focuses on the preparation of PVC gel samples by combining PVC powder (n = 3000), eco-friendly dibutyl adipate, and tetrahydrofuran at different stirring temperatures ranging from 40 to 70 °C. The PVC gel preparation process is categorized into four groups (T40, T50, T60, and T70) based on the mixing temperatures, employing a controlled test method with specific temperature conditions. The prepared PVC gel samples are then subjected to analysis to evaluate various properties including surface morphology, tensile strength, light transmittance, and electrical response time. Among the samples, the PVC gel prepared at 60 °C (referred to as T60) exhibits excellent optical properties, with a transmittance of 91.2% and a tensile strength of 2.07 MPa. These results indicate that 60 °C is an optimal reaction temperature. Notably, the PVC gel microlenses produced at this temperature achieve their maximum focal length (ranging from -8 to -20 mm) within approximately 60 s, and they recover their initial state within around 80 s after the power is switched off. This focal length achievement is twice as fast as reported in previous studies on microlenses. It is observed that the reaction temperature significantly influences the solubility of the resin-based raw materials and the homogeneity of the gel. Consequently, these findings open up possibilities for utilizing PVC gel microlenses in novel commercial optics applications, thanks to their desirable properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Li
- College
of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Min Lin
- Beijing
Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering,
College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Imdad Ali
- College
of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Ahmed Ali
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Electrical Engineering Department, Sukkur IBA University, Sukkur 65200, Pakistan
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Korea
| | - Muhammad Irfan
- Electrical
Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Toufique A. Soomro
- Department
of Electronic Engineering, Quaid-e-Awam
University of Engineering, Science and Technology Larkana Campus, Nawabshah 67480, Pakistan
| | - Seung Ho Choi
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Korea
| | - Weimin Yang
- College
of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Haoyi Li
- College
of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Saifur Rahman
- Electrical
Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salim Nasar Faraj Mursal
- Electrical
Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Othman Alyahyawy
- King
Abdulaziz Hospital, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22252, Saudi Arabia
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Li Y, Feng X, Zhu L, Zhang Z, Guo M, Li Z, Li Y, Hashimoto M. Modeling of Fiber-Constrained Planar PVC Gel Actuators. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:nano13091483. [PMID: 37177027 PMCID: PMC10180175 DOI: 10.3390/nano13091483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, plasticized poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) gel has attracted increasing attention in soft robotics. However, there is scarce research on the deformation mechanism and modeling of PVC gel actuators. In this study, to investigate the deformation mechanism of fiber-constrained planar PVC gel actuators, we propose a complex nonlinear model based on traditional thermodynamic electroactive polymer (EAP) multi-field coupling theory. The proposed model can reveal the dielectric breakdown strength of PVC gels and predict the deformation of planar PVC gel actuators with varying levels of pre-stretching. The theoretical results were in good agreement with the experimental results, indicating the feasibility of the proposed model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Key Laboratory of Special Purpose Equipment and Advanced Processing Technology of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Special Purpose Equipment and Advanced Processing Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Xuxin Feng
- Key Laboratory of Special Purpose Equipment and Advanced Processing Technology of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Special Purpose Equipment and Advanced Processing Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Lixiang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Special Purpose Equipment and Advanced Processing Technology of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Special Purpose Equipment and Advanced Processing Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Ziqian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Special Purpose Equipment and Advanced Processing Technology of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Special Purpose Equipment and Advanced Processing Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Mingfei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Special Purpose Equipment and Advanced Processing Technology of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Special Purpose Equipment and Advanced Processing Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Zhixin Li
- Key Laboratory of Special Purpose Equipment and Advanced Processing Technology of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Special Purpose Equipment and Advanced Processing Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Yanbiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Special Purpose Equipment and Advanced Processing Technology of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Special Purpose Equipment and Advanced Processing Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Minoru Hashimoto
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Tokida, Ueda 386-8567, Japan
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Xu P, Xu M, Lu H, Qiu L. Polyvinyl chloride gels microlens array with a well-controlled curvature obtained by solvent evaporation under DC electric fields. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:29285-29295. [PMID: 33114831 DOI: 10.1364/oe.404135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) gels microlens arrays (MLAs) with controllable curvatures were prepared by evaporation of the solvent under DC electric fields. In order to obtain these arrays, the PVC gel solution was first injected into the cofferdam of a ring array patterned electrode substrate. Upon polarization under DC electric field, the electric charge injected from the cathode was carried by the plasticizers towards the anode to accumulate on its surface. After complete evaporation of the solvent, the PVC gels formed stable MLAs. The focal length of the formed MLAs obtained after evaporation of the 100 µL PVC gel solvent under 30 V DC field was 8.68 mm. The focal length of the as-obtained PVC gel-based MLAs can be well-controlled by merely tuning the strength of the electric field or by changing the volume of the PVC gel solution. Thus, it can be concluded that the proposed methodology looks very promising for future fabrication of MLAs with uniform size in larger areas.
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A review of electro-stimulated gels and their applications: Present state and future perspectives. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 103:109852. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.109852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Zhou Z, Ren H. Optical properties of poly(vinyl chloride)-gel-based microlens arrays. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zuowei Zhou
- Department of Polymer Nano Science and Technology; Chonbuk National University; Jeonju 54896 Republic of Korea
| | - Hongwen Ren
- Department of Polymer Nano Science and Technology; Chonbuk National University; Jeonju 54896 Republic of Korea
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