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Diaz-Baca JA, Fatehi P. Production and characterization of starch-lignin based materials: A review. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 70:108281. [PMID: 37956796 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
In their pristine state, starch and lignin are abundant and inexpensive natural polymers frequently considered green alternatives to oil-based and synthetic polymers. Despite their availability and owing to their physicochemical properties; starch and lignin are not often utilized in their pristine forms for high-performance applications. Generally, chemical and physical modifications transform them into starch- and lignin-based materials with broadened properties and functionality. In the last decade, the combination of starch and lignin for producing reinforced materials has gained significant attention. The reinforcing of starch matrices with lignin has received primary focus because of the enhanced water sensitivity, UV protection, and mechanical and thermal resistance that lignin introduces to starch-based materials. This review paper aims to assess starch-lignin materials' production and characterization technologies, highlighting their physicochemical properties, outcomes, challenges, and opportunities. First, this paper describes the current status, sources, and chemical modifications of lignin and starch. Next, the discussion is oriented toward starch-lignin materials and their production approaches, such as blends, composites, plasticized/crosslinked films, and coupled polymers. Special attention is given to the characterization methods of starch-lignin materials, focusing on their advantages, disadvantages, and expected outcomes. Finally, the challenges, opportunities, and future perspectives in developing starch-lignin materials, such as adhesives, coatings, films, and controlled delivery systems, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Diaz-Baca
- Green Processes Research Centre and Chemical Engineering Department, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON P7B5E1, Canada
| | - Pedram Fatehi
- Green Processes Research Centre and Chemical Engineering Department, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON P7B5E1, Canada.
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2
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Preparation of versatile lignin-based adsorbent for the removal of organic dyes and its application in wound healing. J Mol Liq 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2023.121566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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3
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Salaghi A, Diaz-Baca JA, Fatehi P. Enhanced flocculation of aluminum oxide particles by lignin-based flocculants in dual polymer systems. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 328:116999. [PMID: 36516704 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is an abundant phenolic polymer produced vastly in pulping processes that could be further valorized. In this work, anionic (AKLs) and cationic (CKLs) lignin-based polymers were made by polymerizing kraft lignin (KL) with acrylic acid (AA) or [2-(methacryloyloxy) ethyl] trimethyl-ammonium chloride (METAC), respectively. In the polymerization reactions, various molar ratios of AA or METAC to KL were applied to produce AKLs and CKLs with different characteristics. The produced AKLs and CKLs were used in single and dual systems to flocculate aluminum oxide in suspension. To assess the interaction of these lignin-based polymers with the aluminum oxide particles; the zeta potential, adsorption, and flocculation of the colloidal systems were evaluated comprehensively. The flocculation performance of the lignin-derived polymers was compared with that of the homopolymers of AA and METAC (PAA and PMETAC) and commercially used flocculants. In single polymer systems, among the anionic synthesized polymers and homopolymers, KL-A4 (an AKL) was the best flocculant for the aluminum oxide suspensions owing to its largest molecular weight (330 × 103 g/mol) and highest charge density (-4.2 mmol/g). Remarkably, when KL-A4 and KL-C4 (the CKL with the highest molecular weight and charge density) were used subsequently in a dual polymer system, a larger adsorbed mass and a more viscous adlayer were formed than those of single polymer systems on the surface of aluminum oxide particles. The synergy between KL-A4 and KL-C4 was even stronger than that between homopolymers, which led to more significant adsorption on the aluminum oxide surface and, consequently, more efficient flocculation, producing larger (22 μm) and stronger flocs, regardless of the agitation intensity used in the systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayyoub Salaghi
- Green Processes Research Centre and Chemical Engineering Department, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON, P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Jonathan A Diaz-Baca
- Green Processes Research Centre and Chemical Engineering Department, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON, P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Pedram Fatehi
- Green Processes Research Centre and Chemical Engineering Department, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON, P7B 5E1, Canada.
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Heo JW, An L, Chen J, Bae JH, Kim YS. Preparation of amine-functionalized lignins for the selective adsorption of Methylene blue and Congo red. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 295:133815. [PMID: 35104546 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Research on low-cost bio-adsorbents for the removal of harmful substances from effluents has recently attracted significant attention. In this study, three types of amino-silane-modified lignins (ASLs) with primary, secondary, and tertiary amine groups were prepared, and their adsorption behavior toward cationic and anionic dyes was investigated. Chemical structural analyses indicated that the three amino-silane reagents resulted in different molecular self-assembly structures on the lignin surface. The ASLs exhibited enhanced thermal stabilities and increased surface areas with different surface charges in different pH ranges. Owing to the high density of primary, secondary, and tertiary amine groups, the ASLs exhibited excellent adsorption capacities for cationic and anionic dyes. Additionally, they selectively adsorb anionic and cationic dyes according to the pH conditions. The ASL with primary amine had the highest adsorption capacity for Methylene blue and Congo red, reaching 187.27 and 293.26 mg·g-1, respectively, followed by ASLs with the secondary amine and tertiary amine. All adsorption processes followed the Langmuir and Temkin isotherms and had pseudo-second-order kinetics. The hypothesized adsorption mechanism mainly involves electrostatic interaction, NH-π interaction, hydrogen bonding interaction and π-π interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Won Heo
- Department of Paper Science & Engineering, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Liangliang An
- Department of Paper Science & Engineering, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiansong Chen
- Department of Paper Science & Engineering, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Ho Bae
- Department of Paper Science & Engineering, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Sik Kim
- Department of Paper Science & Engineering, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
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Chen M, Zou C, Tang W, Huang Y, Sun H. Characterization and flocculation evaluation of a new organic–inorganic hybrid polymer flocculant (
PAC‐AM‐DMC
). J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meijun Chen
- Coll Chem & Chem Engn Southwest Petr Univ Chengdu Sichuan Peoples R China
| | - Changjun Zou
- Coll Chem & Chem Engn Southwest Petr Univ Chengdu Sichuan Peoples R China
| | - Wenyue Tang
- Application Research and Development Center CCDC Drilling Fluid Technology Service Co, Ltd Chengdu Sichuan Peoples R China
| | - Yushuang Huang
- Coll Chem & Chem Engn Southwest Petr Univ Chengdu Sichuan Peoples R China
| | - Huahong Sun
- Coll Chem & Chem Engn Southwest Petr Univ Chengdu Sichuan Peoples R China
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6
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Feng Q, Gao B, Yue Q, Guo K. Flocculation performance of papermaking sludge-based flocculants in different dye wastewater treatment: Comparison with commercial lignin and coagulants. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 262:128416. [PMID: 33182118 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In this study, papermaking sludge-based flocculant (PSBF) and commercial lignin-based flocculant (LBF) have been synthesized by the same graft copolymerization procedures. The structures of alkaline lignin (AL), commercial lignin and the two flocculants were characterized by the modern analytical methods, also, the molecular weights and charge properties were analyzed. The effects of coagulant/flocculant dosages, pH conditions and coexistent dye auxiliaries on flocculation efficiencies were studied in the treatment of reactive turquoise blue (RTB) and disperse red (DR) dye wastewater. The flocculation experiments indicated that PSBF and LBF performed better in the removals of RTB and DR than commercial PAC and PAM. PSBF and LBF were insensitive to pH variation due to their strong charge neutralizing abilities and bridging effects even with the pH changing. In the existence of dye auxiliaries, PSBF and LBF could also exhibit superior decolorization efficiencies by slightly enlarging their dosages. Furthermore, PSBF and LBF had similar flocculation behaviors under all measured experimental conditions, suggesting that PSBF also had excellent flocculation performances even if it was prepared from papermaking sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyun Feng
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Baoyu Gao
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China.
| | - Qinyan Yue
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Kangying Guo
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
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Astete CE, De Mel JU, Gupta S, Noh Y, Bleuel M, Schneider GJ, Sabliov CM. Lignin-Graft-Poly(lactic- co-glycolic) Acid Biopolymers for Polymeric Nanoparticle Synthesis. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:9892-9902. [PMID: 32391476 PMCID: PMC7203963 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A lignin-graft-poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) biopolymer was synthesized with two types of lignin (LGN), alkaline lignin (ALGN) and sodium lignosulfonate (SLGN), at different (A/S)LGN/PLGA ratios (1:2, 1:4, and 1:6 w/w). 1H NMR and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) confirmed the conjugation of PLGA to LGN. The (A/S)LGN-graft-PLGA biopolymers were used to form nanodelivery systems suitable for entrapment and delivery of drugs for disease treatment. The LGN-graft-PLGA NPs were generally small (100-200 nm), increased in size with the amount of PLGA added, monodisperse, and negatively charged (-48 to -60 mV). Small-angle scattering data showed that particles feature a relatively smooth surface and a compact spherical structure with a distinct core and a shell. The core size and shell thickness varied with the LGN/PLGA ratio, and at a 1:6 ratio, the particles deviated from the core-shell structure to a complex internal structure. The newly developed (A/S)LGN-graft-PLGA NPs are proposed as a potential delivery system for applications in biopharmaceutical, food, and agricultural sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos E. Astete
- Biological
& Agricultural Engineering Department, Louisiana State University and LSU Ag Center, 149 E. B. Doran Bldg., Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Judith U. De Mel
- Department
of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, 331 Chemistry
and Materials Bldg, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Sudipta Gupta
- Department
of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, 331 Chemistry
and Materials Bldg, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - YeRim Noh
- Department
of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, 331 Chemistry
and Materials Bldg, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Markus Bleuel
- A235
NIST Center for Neutron Research National Institute of Standards and
Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20988-8562, United States
| | - Gerald J. Schneider
- Department
of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, 331 Chemistry
and Materials Bldg, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Cristina M. Sabliov
- Biological
& Agricultural Engineering Department, Louisiana State University and LSU Ag Center, 149 E. B. Doran Bldg., Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
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Meng X, Scheidemantle B, Li M, Wang YY, Zhao X, Toro-González M, Singh P, Pu Y, Wyman CE, Ozcan S, Cai CM, Ragauskas AJ. Synthesis, Characterization, and Utilization of a Lignin-Based Adsorbent for Effective Removal of Azo Dye from Aqueous Solution. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:2865-2877. [PMID: 32095708 PMCID: PMC7033985 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
How to effectively remove toxic dyes from the industrial wastewater using a green low-cost lignocellulose-based adsorbent, such as lignin, has become a topic of great interest but remains quite challenging. In this study, cosolvent-enhanced lignocellulosic fractionation (CELF) pretreatment and Mannich reaction were combined to generate an aminated CELF lignin which is subsequently applied for removal of methylene blue and direct blue (DB) 1 dye from aqueous solution. 31P NMR was used to track the degree of amination, and an orthogonal design was applied to determine the relationship between the extent of amination and reaction parameters. The physicochemical, morphological, and thermal properties of the aminated CELF lignin were characterized to confirm the successful grafting of diethylenetriamine onto the lignin. The aminated CELF lignin proved to be an effective azo dye-adsorbent, demonstrating considerably enhanced dye decolorization, especially toward DB 1 dye (>90%). It had a maximum adsorption capacity of DB 1 dye of 502.7 mg/g, and the kinetic study suggested the adsorption process conformed to a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The isotherm results also showed that the modified lignin-based adsorbent exhibited monolayer adsorption. The adsorbent properties were mainly attributed to the incorporated amine functionalities as well as the increased specific surface area of the aminated CELF lignin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianzhi Meng
- Department
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
- E-mail: (X.M.)
| | - Brent Scheidemantle
- Center
of Environmental and Research Technology (CE-CERT), University of California, Riverside, California 92507, United States
- Department
of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Mi Li
- Department
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Yun-yan Wang
- Department
of Forestry, Wildlife, and Fisheries; Center for Renewable Carbon, The University of Tennessee Knoxville, Institute of
Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Xianhui Zhao
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Miguel Toro-González
- Isotope
and Fuel Cycle Technology Division, Oak
Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Priyanka Singh
- Center
of Environmental and Research Technology (CE-CERT), University of California, Riverside, California 92507, United States
- Department
of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Yunqiao Pu
- Biosciences
Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Charles E. Wyman
- Center
of Environmental and Research Technology (CE-CERT), University of California, Riverside, California 92507, United States
- Department
of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Soydan Ozcan
- Department
of Mechanical, Aerospace, Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
- Manufacturing
Demonstration Facility, Energy and Transportation Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Knoxville, Tennessee 37932, United States
| | - Charles M. Cai
- Center
of Environmental and Research Technology (CE-CERT), University of California, Riverside, California 92507, United States
- Department
of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Arthur J. Ragauskas
- Department
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
- Biosciences
Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Department
of Forestry, Wildlife, and Fisheries; Center for Renewable Carbon, The University of Tennessee Knoxville, Institute of
Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
- E-mail: (A.J.R.)
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9
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Preparation and flocculation properties of biodegradable konjac glucomannan-grafted poly(trimethyl allyl ammonium chloride). Polym Bull (Berl) 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-019-02836-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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