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Güneş-Durak S, Acarer-Arat S, Tüfekci M, Pir İ, Üstkaya Z, Öz N, Tüfekci N. Mechanical Enhancement and Water Treatment Efficiency of Nanocomposite PES Membranes: A Study on Akçay Dam Water Filtration Application. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:31556-31568. [PMID: 39072134 PMCID: PMC11270565 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c01410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Polymeric membranes are widely used in water treatment because of their ease of fabrication and low cost. The flux and purification performance of membranes can be significantly improved by incorporating appropriate amounts of nanomaterials into the polymeric membrane matrices. In this study, neat poly(ether sulfone) (PES), PES/nano copper oxide (CuO), and PES/nano zinc oxide (ZnO) membranes are fabricated via phase inversion. The pure water flux of the neat PES membrane, which is 355.14 L/m2·h, is increased significantly with the addition of nano-CuO and nano-ZnO, and the pure water fluxes of the nanocomposite membranes vary in the range of 392.65-429.74 L/m2·h. Moreover, nano CuO and nano ZnO-doped PES nanocomposite membranes exhibit higher conductivity, color, total organic carbon, boron, iron, selenium, barium, and total chromium removal efficiencies than neat PES membranes. The membrane surfaces examined by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) after water filtration revealed that those containing 0.5% wt. nano CuO and nano ZnO are more resistant to fouling than the membrane surfaces containing 1% wt. nano CuO and nano ZnO. Based on the results of this study, 0.5% wt. nano ZnO-doped PES membrane is found to be the most suitable membrane for use in water treatment due to its high pure water flux (427.14 L/m2·h), high pollutant removal efficiency, and high fouling resistance. When the mechanical properties of the membranes are examined, the addition of CuO and ZnO nanoparticles increases the membrane stiffness and modulus of elasticity. The addition of 0.5% and 1% for CuO leads to an increase in the modulus of elasticity by 57.95% and 324.43%, respectively, while the addition of 0.5% and 1% for ZnO leads to an increase in the modulus of elasticity by 480.68% and 1802.43%, respectively. At the same time, the tensile strength of the membranes also increases with the addition of nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevgi Güneş-Durak
- Department
of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering-Architecture, Nevsehir Haci Bektas Veli University, Nevsehir 50300, Turkey
| | - Seren Acarer-Arat
- Department
of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University−Cerrahpasa, Avcilar, Istanbul 34320, Turkey
| | - Mertol Tüfekci
- Center
for Engineering Research, University of
Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL10 9AB, United Kingdom
- School
of Physics, Engineering and Computer Science, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL10 9AB, United Kingdom
| | - İnci Pir
- Faculty
of Mechanical Engineering, Istanbul Technical
University, Gumussuyu, Istanbul 34437, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Üstkaya
- Department
of Water Resources and Treatment Technologies, Sakarya Water and Sewerage Administration (SASKİ), Kudüs Street, Sakarya 54100, Turkey
| | - Nurtaç Öz
- Department
of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Sakarya University, Esentepe, Sakarya 54187, Turkey
| | - Neşe Tüfekci
- Department
of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University−Cerrahpasa, Avcilar, Istanbul 34320, Turkey
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Acarer S, Pir İ, Tüfekci M, Erkoç T, Öztekin V, Dikicioğlu C, Demirkol GT, Durak SG, Özçoban MŞ, Çoban TYT, Çavuş S, Tüfekci N. Characterisation and Mechanical Modelling of Polyacrylonitrile-Based Nanocomposite Membranes Reinforced with Silica Nanoparticles. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:nano12213721. [PMID: 36364496 PMCID: PMC9657008 DOI: 10.3390/nano12213721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, neat polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and fumed silica (FS)-doped PAN membranes (0.1, 0.5 and 1 wt% doped PAN/FS) are prepared using the phase inversion method and are characterised extensively. According to the Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis, the addition of FS to the neat PAN membrane and the added amount changed the stresses in the membrane structure. The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) results show that the addition of FS increased the porosity of the membrane. The water content of all fabricated membranes varied between 50% and 88.8%, their porosity ranged between 62.1% and 90%, and the average pore size ranged between 20.1 and 21.8 nm. While the neat PAN membrane's pure water flux is 299.8 L/m2 h, it increased by 26% with the addition of 0.5 wt% FS. Furthermore, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) techniques are used to investigate the membranes' thermal properties. Finally, the mechanical characterisation of manufactured membranes is performed experimentally with tensile testing under dry and wet conditions. To be able to provide further explanation to the explored mechanics of the membranes, numerical methods, namely the finite element method and Mori-Tanaka mean-field homogenisation are performed. The mechanical characterisation results show that FS reinforcement increases the membrane rigidity and wet membranes exhibit more compliant behaviour compared to dry membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seren Acarer
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, İstanbul 34320, Turkey
| | - İnci Pir
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, İstanbul 34437, Turkey
| | - Mertol Tüfekci
- South Kensington Campus, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Tuğba Erkoç
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, İstanbul 34320, Turkey
| | - Vehbi Öztekin
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, İstanbul 34437, Turkey
| | - Can Dikicioğlu
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, İstanbul 34437, Turkey
| | - Güler Türkoğlu Demirkol
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, İstanbul 34320, Turkey
| | - Sevgi Güneş Durak
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering-Architecture, Nevsehir Haci Bektas Veli University, Nevsehir 50300, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Şükrü Özçoban
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Yıldız Technical University, İstanbul 34220, Turkey
| | - Tuba Yelda Temelli Çoban
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, İstanbul 34320, Turkey
| | - Selva Çavuş
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, İstanbul 34320, Turkey
| | - Neşe Tüfekci
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, İstanbul 34320, Turkey
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Türkoğlu Demirkol G, Çelik SÖ, Güneş Durak S, Acarer S, Çetin E, Akarçay Demir S, Tüfekci N. Effects of Fe(OH) 3 and MnO 2 Flocs on Iron/Manganese Removal and Fouling in Aerated Submerged Membrane Systems. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13193201. [PMID: 34641017 PMCID: PMC8512643 DOI: 10.3390/polym13193201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Many treatment methods are used to remove iron and manganese from water. Aeration and membrane filtration are two of these methods. In this study, Fe2+ and Mn2+ removal by aeration with different catalysts and instead of simple membrane filtration applied in other studies, the aerated-submerged membrane systems were evaluated separately. When Fe(OH)3 was applied in the aeration step and complete oxidation of Fe2+ was obtained after 27 min, while complete Mn2+ oxidation was obtained in 76 min. However, when MnO2 was applied in the aeration step, complete oxidation of Fe2+ and Mn2+ was relatively slow (36 and 110 min, respectively). According to the results obtained from the aerated membrane system, Fe2+ and Mn2+ removal were extended by Fe(OH)3 via adsorption/surface oxidation. It is clearly shown from the flux, resistance results, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FT/IR) spectroscopy observation that manganese oxides were deposited mainly in membrane pores forming membrane fouling by small flocs, while iron oxide particles were deposited on the membrane surface. Although the flux performance of PT PES membrane was higher than HF PP membrane, fouling resistance of HF PP membrane was higher than PT PES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Güler Türkoğlu Demirkol
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Avcilar Campus, Istanbul 34320, Turkey; (E.Ç.); (S.A.D.); (N.T.)
- Correspondence: (G.T.D.); (S.A.)
| | - Suna Özden Çelik
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Corlu Engineering Faculty, Namik Kemal University, Corlu/Tekirdag 59860, Turkey;
| | - Sevgi Güneş Durak
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering-Architecture, Nevsehir Haci Bektas Veli University, Nevsehir 50300, Turkey;
| | - Seren Acarer
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Avcilar Campus, Istanbul 34320, Turkey; (E.Ç.); (S.A.D.); (N.T.)
- Correspondence: (G.T.D.); (S.A.)
| | - Ender Çetin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Avcilar Campus, Istanbul 34320, Turkey; (E.Ç.); (S.A.D.); (N.T.)
| | - Sultan Akarçay Demir
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Avcilar Campus, Istanbul 34320, Turkey; (E.Ç.); (S.A.D.); (N.T.)
| | - Neşe Tüfekci
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Avcilar Campus, Istanbul 34320, Turkey; (E.Ç.); (S.A.D.); (N.T.)
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Manufacturing and Characterisation of Polymeric Membranes for Water Treatment and Numerical Investigation of Mechanics of Nanocomposite Membranes. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13101661. [PMID: 34065285 PMCID: PMC8161102 DOI: 10.3390/polym13101661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, polyethersulfone (PES) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) microfiltration membranes containing polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) with and without support layers of 130 and 150 μm thickness are manufactured using the phase inversion method and then experimentally characterised. For the characterisation of membranes, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and pore size analysis are performed, the contact angle and water content of membranes are measured and the tensile test is applied to membranes without support layers. Using the results obtained from the tensile tests, the mechanical properties of the halloysite nanotube (HNT) and nano-silicon dioxide (nano SiO2) reinforced nanocomposite membranes are approximately determined by the Mori–Tanaka homogenisation method without applying any further mechanical tests. Then, plain polymeric and PES and PVDF based nanocomposite membranes are modelled using the finite element method to determine the effect of the geometry of the membrane on the mechanical behaviour for fifteen different geometries. The modelled membranes compared in terms of three different criteria: equivalent stress (von Mises), displacement, and in-plane principal strain. Based on the data obtained from the characterisation part of the study and the numerical analysis, the membrane with the best performance is determined. The most appropriate shape and material for a membrane for water treatment is specified as a 1% HNT doped PVDF based elliptical membrane.
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Tüfekci M, Durak SG, Pir İ, Acar TO, Demirkol GT, Tüfekci N. Manufacturing, Characterisation and Mechanical Analysis of Polyacrylonitrile Membranes. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12102378. [PMID: 33081085 PMCID: PMC7602745 DOI: 10.3390/polym12102378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the effect of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) addition and consequently porosity, two different sets of membranes are manufactured, since PVP is a widely used poring agent which has an impact on the mechanical properties of the membrane material. The first set (PAN 1) includes polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and the necessary solvent while the second set (PAN 2) is made of PAN and PVP. These membranes are put through several characterisation processes including tensile testing. The obtained data are used to model the static behaviour of the membranes with different geometries but similar loading and boundary conditions that represent their operating conditions. This modelling process is undertaken by using the finite element method. The main idea is to investigate how geometry affects the load-carrying capacity of the membranes. Alongside membrane modelling, their materials are modelled with representative elements with hexagonal and rectangular pore arrays (RE) to understand the impact of porosity on the mechanical properties. Exploring the results, the best geometry is found as the elliptic membrane with the aspect ratio 4 and the better RE as the hexagonal array which can predict the elastic properties with an approximate error of 12%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mertol Tüfekci
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Correspondence: (M.T.); (N.T.)
| | - Sevgi Güneş Durak
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering-Architecture, Nevsehir Haci Bektas Veli University, Nevsehir 50300, Turkey;
| | - İnci Pir
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul 34437, Turkey;
| | - Türkan Ormancı Acar
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Avcilar Kampusu, Istanbul 34320, Turkey; (T.O.A.); (G.T.D.)
| | - Güler Türkoğlu Demirkol
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Avcilar Kampusu, Istanbul 34320, Turkey; (T.O.A.); (G.T.D.)
| | - Neşe Tüfekci
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Avcilar Kampusu, Istanbul 34320, Turkey; (T.O.A.); (G.T.D.)
- Correspondence: (M.T.); (N.T.)
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