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Alizadeh S, Ameri Z, Daemi H, Pezeshki-Modaress M. Sulfated polysaccharide as biomimetic biopolymers for tissue engineering scaffolds fabrication: Challenges and opportunities. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 336:122124. [PMID: 38670755 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Sulfated polysaccharides play important roles in tissue engineering applications because of their high growth factor preservation ability and their native-like biological features. There are different sulfated polysaccharides based on different repeating units in the carbohydrate backbone, the position of the sulfate group, and the sulfation degree of the polysaccharide. These led to various sulfated polymers with different negative charge densities and resultant structure-property relationships. Since numerous reports are presented related to sulfated polysaccharide applications in tissue engineering, it is crucial to review the role of effective physicochemical and biological parameters in their usage; as well as their structure-property relationships. Within this review, we focused on the effect of naturally occurring and synthetic sulfated polysaccharides in tissue engineering applications reported in the last years, highlighting the challenges of the scaffold fabrication process, the position, and the degree of sulfate on biomedical activity. Additionally, we discussed their use in numerous in vitro and in vivo model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Alizadeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Ameri
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Innovation Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hamed Daemi
- Department of Cell Engineering, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohamad Pezeshki-Modaress
- Burn Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Plastic and Reconstructive surgery, Hazrat Fatemeh Hospital, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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de Brito Soares AL, Maia MT, Gomes SDL, da Silva TF, Vieira RS. Polysaccharide-based bioactive adsorbents for blood-contacting implant devices. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s43153-022-00253-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Polysaccharide-based layer-by-layer nanoarchitectonics with sulfated chitosan for tuning anti-thrombogenic properties. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 213:112359. [PMID: 35144082 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The development of blood-interacting surfaces is critical to fabricate biomaterials for medical use, such as prostheses, implants, biosensors, and membranes. For instance, thrombosis is one of the leading clinical problems when polymer-based materials interact with blood. To overcome this limitation is necessary to develop strategies that limit platelets adhesion and activation. In this work, hyaluronan (HA)/chitosan (Chi) based-films, recently reported in the literature as platforms for tumor cell capture, were developed and, subsequently, functionalized with sulfated chitosan (ChiS) using a layer-by-layer technique. ChiS, when compared to native Chi, presents the unique abilities to confer anti-thrombogenic properties, to reduce protein adsorption, and also to limit calcification. Film physicochemical characterization was carried out using FTIR and XPS for chemical composition assessment, AFM for the surface morphology, and contact angle for hydrophilicity evaluation. The deposition of ChiS monolayer promoted a decrease in both roughness and hydrophilicity of the HA/Chi films. In addition, the appearance of sulfur in the chemical composition of ChiS-functionalized films confirmed the film modification. Biological assay indicated that the incorporation of sulfated groups limited platelet adhesion, mainly because a significant reduction of platelets adhesion to ChiS-functionalized films was observed compared to HA/Chi films. On balance, this work provides a new insight for the development of novel antithrombogenic biomaterials, opening up new possibilities for devising blood-interaction surfaces.
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Jiang M, Pan Y, Liu Y, Dai K, Zhang Q, Wang J. Effect of sulfated chitosan hydrogel on vascularization and osteogenesis. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 281:119059. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.119059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Jiménez-Arriagada D, Hidalgo AA, Neira V, Neira-Carrillo A, Bucarey SA. Low molecular weight sulfated chitosan efficiently reduces infection capacity of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) in PK15 cells. Virol J 2022; 19:52. [PMID: 35331290 PMCID: PMC8943519 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01781-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2)-associated diseases are a major problem for the swine industry worldwide. In addition to vaccines, the availability of antiviral polymers provides an efficient and safe option for reducing the impact of these diseases. By virtue of their molecular weight and repetitious structure, polymers possess properties not found in small-molecule drugs. In this perspective, we focus on chitosan, a ubiquitous biopolymer, that adjusts the molecular weight and sulfated-mediated functionality can act as an efficient antiviral polymer by mimicking PCV2-cell receptor interactions. Methods Sulfated chitosan (Chi-S) polymers of two molecular weights were synthesized and characterized by FTIR, SEM–EDS and elemental analysis. The Chi-S solutions were tested against PCV2 infection in PK15 cells in vitro and antiviral activity was evaluated by measuring the PCV2 DNA copy number, TCID50 and capsid protein expression, upon application of different molecular weights, sulfate functionalization, and concentrations of polymer. In addition, to explore the mode of action of the Chi-S against PCV2 infection, experiments were designed to elucidate whether the antiviral activity of the Chi-S would be influenced by when it was added to the cells, relative to the time and stage of viral infection. Results Chi-S significantly reduced genomic copies, TCID50 titers and capsid protein of PCV2, showing specific antiviral effects depending on its molecular weight, concentration, and chemical functionalization. Assays designed to explore the mode of action of the low molecular weight Chi-S revealed that it exerted antiviral activity through impeding viral attachment and penetration into cells. Conclusions These findings help better understanding the interactions of PCV2 and porcine cells and reinforce the idea that sulfated polymers, such as Chi-S, represent a promising candidates for use in antiviral therapies against PCV2-associated diseases. Further studies in swine are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Jiménez-Arriagada
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Silvoagropecuarias y Veterinarias, Campus Sur Universidad de Chile, Santa Rosa 11315, La Pintana, CP: 8820808, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandro A Hidalgo
- Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Sazié 2320, Santiago, Chile
| | - Victor Neira
- Unidad de Virología, Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santa Rosa 11735, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrónico Neira-Carrillo
- Laboratorio Polyform, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Av. Sta. Rosa 11735, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Sergio A Bucarey
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Centro Biotecnológico Veterinario, Biovetec, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santa Rosa 11735, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile.
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Revuelta J, Fraile I, Monterrey DT, Peña N, Benito-Arenas R, Bastida A, Fernández-Mayoralas A, García-Junceda E. Heparanized chitosans: towards the third generation of chitinous biomaterials. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2021; 8:2596-2614. [PMID: 34617543 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh00728a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The functionalization of chitosans is an emerging research area in the design of solutions for a wide range of biomedical applications. In particular, the modification of chitosans to incorporate sulfate groups has generated great interest since they show structural similarity to heparin and heparan sulfates. Most of the biomedical applications of heparan sulfates are derived from their ability to bind different growth factors and other proteins, as through these interactions they can modulate the cellular response. This review aims to summarize the most recent advances in the synthesis, and structural and physicochemical characterization of heparanized chitosan, a remarkably interesting family of polysaccharides that have demonstrated the ability to mimic heparan sulfates as ligands for different proteins, thereby exerting their biological activity by mimicking the function of these glycosaminoglycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Revuelta
- BioGlycoChem Group, Departamento de Química Bio-Orgánica, Instituto de Química Orgánica General, CSIC (IQOG-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Isabel Fraile
- BioGlycoChem Group, Departamento de Química Bio-Orgánica, Instituto de Química Orgánica General, CSIC (IQOG-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Dianelis T Monterrey
- BioGlycoChem Group, Departamento de Química Bio-Orgánica, Instituto de Química Orgánica General, CSIC (IQOG-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Nerea Peña
- BioGlycoChem Group, Departamento de Química Bio-Orgánica, Instituto de Química Orgánica General, CSIC (IQOG-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Raúl Benito-Arenas
- BioGlycoChem Group, Departamento de Química Bio-Orgánica, Instituto de Química Orgánica General, CSIC (IQOG-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Agatha Bastida
- BioGlycoChem Group, Departamento de Química Bio-Orgánica, Instituto de Química Orgánica General, CSIC (IQOG-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alfonso Fernández-Mayoralas
- BioGlycoChem Group, Departamento de Química Bio-Orgánica, Instituto de Química Orgánica General, CSIC (IQOG-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Eduardo García-Junceda
- BioGlycoChem Group, Departamento de Química Bio-Orgánica, Instituto de Química Orgánica General, CSIC (IQOG-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
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Pereira Júnior LC, Nascimento FG, Oliveira SRBD, Lima GC, Chagas FDS, Sombra VG, Feitosa JPA, Soriano EM, Souza MHLP, Zocolo GJ, Silva LMA, de Paula RCM, Damasceno ROS, Freitas ALP. Protective effect against gastric mucosa injury of a sulfated agaran from Acanthophora spicifera. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 261:117829. [PMID: 33766334 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a polysaccharide from marine alga Acanthophora spicifera (PAs) was isolated and structurally characterized. Its protective potential against chemically-induced gastric mucosa injury was evaluated. The gel permeation chromatography experiments and spectroscopy spectrum showed that PAs is a sulfated polysaccharide with a high molecular mass (6.98 × 105g/mol) and degree of sulfation of 1.23, exhibiting structural characteristic typical of an agar-type polysaccharide. Experimental results demonstrated that PAs reduced the hemorrhagic gastric injury, in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, PAs reduced the intense gastric oxidative stress, measured by glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. PAs also prevented the reduction of mucus levels adhered to the gastric mucosa, promoted by the aggressive effect of ethanol. In summary, the sulfated polysaccharide from A. spicifera protected the gastric mucosa through the prevention of lipid peroxidation and enhanced the defense mechanisms of the gastric mucosa, suggesting as a promising functional food as gastroprotective agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindauro C Pereira Júnior
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60455-760, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | | | - Samara R B D Oliveira
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60430-270, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Glauber C Lima
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60455-760, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Centro Universitário INTA (UNINTA), 62500-000, Itapipoca, CE, Brazil
| | - Francisco Diego S Chagas
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60455-760, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Venicios G Sombra
- Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60455-760, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Judith P A Feitosa
- Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60455-760, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Eliane M Soriano
- Departamento de Oceanografia e Limnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 59072-970, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Marcellus H L P Souza
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60430-270, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | | | - Lorena M A Silva
- Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, 60511-110, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Regina C M de Paula
- Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60455-760, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Renan O S Damasceno
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-420, Recife, PE, Brazil.
| | - Ana Lúcia P Freitas
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60455-760, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
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Qi X, Yang N, Luo Y, Jia X, Zhao J, Feng X, Chen L, Zhao Y. Resveratrol as a plant type antioxidant modifier for polysulfone membranes to improve hemodialysis-induced oxidative stress. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 123:111953. [PMID: 33812581 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.111953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Resveratrol (RES) is a plant extract with excellent antioxidant, biocompatibility, anti-inflammatory and inhibition of platelet aggregation. RES-modified polysulfone (PSF) hemodialysis membranes have been fabricated using an immersion phase transformation method. The antioxidant properties of the blend membranes were evaluated in terms of their 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS+), reactive oxygen species (ROS) free radicals scavenging, total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) of serum and lipid peroxidation inhibition. The observed results of decreasing DPPH and ABTS+ levels, scavenging ROS, significant inhibition of lipid peroxidation and improving the T-AOC of serum all contribute to the recovery of oxidative balance and the use of RES as an antioxidant modifier. The antioxidant stability of PSF/RES blend membranes was also studied. Moreover, the results of blood compatibility experiments showed that the addition of RES improved the blood compatibility of PSF membrane, inhibited the adhesion of red blood cells and platelets; inhibited complement activation; and reduced the blood cells deformation rate. The dialysis simulation experiment indicated that PSF/RES membrane (M-3) can clear 90.33% urea, 89.50% creatinine, 74.60% lysozyme and retention 90.47% BSA. All these results showed the new PSF/RES blend membranes have potential to be used in the field of hemodialysis to improve oxidative stress status in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuchao Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ying Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, People's Republic of China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Nankai University Affiliated Third Center Hospital, Tianjin 300170, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuemeng Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, People's Republic of China
| | - Junqiang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yiping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, People's Republic of China
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Xu C, Xing R, Liu S, Qin Y, Li K, Yu H, Li P. Immunostimulatory effect of N-2-hydroxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan-sulfate chitosan complex nanoparticles on dendritic cells. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 251:117098. [PMID: 33142636 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we synthesized negatively charged chitosan sulfate and positively charged hydroxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan (HACC), and then prepared chitosan derivatives with positive and negative ions as nanoparticles (NPs) by ovalbumin encapsulation using the polyelectrolyte method. NPs with different substitution sites and molecular weights (MW) were prepared by varying conditions. We then determined the zeta potential average, diameter, encapsulation effect, and their immunostimulatory effects on dendritic cells (DCs). The results showed that chitosan-derivative NPs ranged in size from 153.33 to 320.90 nm; all NPs were positive, with charges ranging from 17.10 to 39.30 mV and the encapsulation rates of 65 %-75 %. Three NPs greatly promoted the expression and secretion of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in DC cells: C2,3,6 chitosan sulfate-HACC (C2,3,6-HACC; 200 kDa), C3,6 chitosan sulfate-HACC (C3,6-HACC; 200 kDa) and C6 chitosan sulfate-HACC (C6-HACC; 50 kDa). We also found that 200-kDa C2,3,6-HACC and 50-kDa C6-HACC NPs greatly increased secretion of the major histocompatibility complex-II (MHC-II), CD40, CD80, and CD86, indicating that these NPs promote effective antigen presentation, further increasing immunity effects. Finally, we applied laser confocal photography and determined that NPs entered the cell to promote the regulation of cellular immune activity; this discovery lays a foundation for further research on their mechanism of their action. Therefore, C2,3,6-HACC and C6-HACC NPs have the potential as immunological adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaojie Xu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology(Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ronge Xing
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology(Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Song Liu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology(Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Yukun Qin
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology(Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Kecheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology(Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Huahua Yu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology(Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Pengcheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology(Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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