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Guo X, Liu L, Feng H, Li D, Xia Z, Yang R. Flame Retardancy of Nylon 6 Fibers: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15092161. [PMID: 37177307 PMCID: PMC10181247 DOI: 10.3390/polym15092161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
As synthetic fibers with superior performances, nylon 6 fibers are widely used in many fields. Due to the potential fire hazard caused by flammability, the study of the flame retardancy of nylon 6 fibers has been attracting more and more attention. The review has summarized the present research status of flame-retarded nylon 6 fibers from three aspects: intrinsic flame-retarded nylon 6, nylon 6 composites, and surface strategies of nylon 6 fibers/fabrics. The current main focus is still how to balance the application performances, flame retardancy, and production cost. Moreover, melt dripping during combustion remains a key challenge for nylon 6 fibers, and the further developing trend is to study novel flame retardants and new flame-retardancy technologies for nylon 6 fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocheng Guo
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Linjing Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Kingfa Sci. & Tech. Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510663, China
| | - Haisheng Feng
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Dinghua Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhonghua Xia
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Rongjie Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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Fischer J, Cable K, Dadmun M. Identifying optimal dispersant aids for flame retardant additives in tetramethyl cyclobutanediol‐based copolyesters. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Fischer
- Department of Chemistry University of Tennessee Knoxville Tennessee USA
| | - Kevin Cable
- Eastman Chemical Company Kingsport Tennessee USA
| | - Mark Dadmun
- Department of Chemistry University of Tennessee Knoxville Tennessee USA
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A statistical approach to the development of flame retardant and mechanically strong natural fibers biocomposites. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Yi Z, Liu Y, Liu X, Fan S, Yang J, Mao L, Lin X, Peng S, zheng W. Biaxially stretched polyamide 6/ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer films with improved oxygen barrier and mechanical properties. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-022-04199-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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5
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Qiu S, Zhou Y, Xing W, Ren X, Zou B, Hu Y. Conceptually Novel Few-Layer Black Phosphorus/Supramolecular Coalition: Noncovalent Functionalization Toward Fire Safety Enhancement. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c02313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuilai Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P.R. China
| | - Yifan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P.R. China
| | - Weiyi Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P.R. China
| | - Xiyun Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P.R. China
| | - Bin Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P.R. China
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Zhou C, Wang J, Li J, Shi J. Thermal aging properties of flame retardant silicone rubber based on melamine cyanurate. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhou
- Project Department, National Energy Life Evaluation and Management Technology Lab of Nuclear Power and Nonmetal Materials Suzhou China
- Project Department, CGN‐DELTA (Taicang) Testing Technology Co., Ltd. Suzhou China
| | - Juan Wang
- Technology Department, Jinhua Environmental Science and Technology Co., Ltd. Jinhua China
| | - Jianxi Li
- Project Department, National Energy Life Evaluation and Management Technology Lab of Nuclear Power and Nonmetal Materials Suzhou China
- Project Department, CGN‐DELTA (Taicang) Testing Technology Co., Ltd. Suzhou China
| | - Jie Shi
- School of Electronic & Information Engineering Suzhou University of Science and Technology Suzhou China
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Development of Novel Polyamide 11 Multifilaments and Fabric Structures Based on Industrial Lignin and Zinc Phosphinate as Flame Retardants. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25214963. [PMID: 33121036 PMCID: PMC7663702 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25214963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biobased lignin represents one of the possible materials for next-generation flame retardant additives due to its sustainability, environmental benefits and comparable efficiency to other flame retardant (FR) additives. In this context, this study presents the development of FR polyamide 11 (PA11) multifilament yarns and fabric structures containing different industrial lignins (i.e., lignosulfonate lignin (LL), and Kraft lignin (KL)) and zinc phosphinate (ZnP). The combination of ZnP and lignin (KL or LL) at different weight ratios were used to prepare flame retarded PA11 blends by melt mixing using a twin-screw extruder. These blends were transformed into continuous multifilament yarns by the melt-spinning process even at a high concentration of additives as 20 wt%. The mechanical test results showed that the combination of KL and ZnP achieved higher strength and filaments showed regularity in structure as compared to the LL and ZnP filaments. Thermogravimetric (TG) analysis showed the incorporation of lignin induces the initial decomposition (T5%) at a lower temperature; at the same time, maximum decomposition (Tmax) shifts to a higher temperature region and a higher amount of char residue is reported at the end of the test. Further, the TGA-FTIR study revealed that the ternary blends (i.e., the combination of LL or KL, ZnP, and PA11) released mainly the phosphinate compound, hydrocarbon species, and a small amount of phosphinic acid during the initial decomposition stage (T5%), while hydrocarbons, carbonyls, and phenolic compounds along with CO2 are released during main decomposition stage (Tmax). The analysis of decomposition products suggests the stronger bonds formation in the condensed phase and the obtainment of a stable char layer. Cone calorimetry exploited to study the fire behavior on sheet samples (polymer bulk) showed an improvement in flame retardant properties with increasing lignin content in blends and most enhanced results were found when 10 wt% of LL and ZnP were combined such as a reduction in heat release rate (HRR) up to 64% and total heat release (THR) up to 22%. Besides, tests carried out on knitted fabric structure showed less influence on HRR and THR but the noticeable effect on postponing the time to ignition (TTI) and reduction in the maximum average rate of heat emission (MARHE) value during combustion.
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An inherently flame-retardant polyamide 6 containing a phosphorus group prepared by transesterification polymerization. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Li Y, Li X, Pan YT, Xu X, Song Y, Yang R. Mitigation the release of toxic PH 3 and the fire hazard of PA6/AHP composite by MOFs. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 395:122604. [PMID: 32298947 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum hypophosphite (AHP) is a high-efficiency phosphorus-based flame retardant with high P content, which is widely used in Polyamide 6 (PA6). However, AHP releases phosphine gas (PH3) at high temperatures, which is highly toxic to human's health and environment. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have porous structure exhibiting high performance in gas adsorption. Therefore, mesoporous iron (III) carboxylate [MIL-100 (Fe)] was synthesized in this work and employed to study the adsorption capacity of toxic PH3 in PA6/AHP composite during processing. AHP was combined with melamine cyanurate (MCA) and MIL-100 (Fe) followed by blending with PA6 to prepare PA6 composites (PA6/MA and PA6/MAF). PA6/MAF with the weight ratio of 5:5 performed well in inhibiting the release of PH3 during the processing of composite as well as the accelerated thermal experiment devised by our group. Besides, PA6/MAF (5:5) showed relatively low fire hazard reflected by the reduction of the peak of heat release rate of PA6 composite from 962 to 260 kW/m2 compared with that of pure PA6 in the cone calorimeter test, and MIL-100 (Fe) along with MCA also presented synergistic effect in suppressing the emission of carbon monoxide. The subtle selection of MOFs herein has the potential to be used as a promising synergist for hazardous gases released from polymer composites to improve the occupational and fire safety in the society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081, China; National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiangmei Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081, China; National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Ye-Tang Pan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081, China; National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Xingyan Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081, China
| | - Yunze Song
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081, China
| | - Rongjie Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081, China; National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
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