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Argyropoulos DDS, Crestini C, Dahlstrand C, Furusjö E, Gioia C, Jedvert K, Henriksson G, Hulteberg C, Lawoko M, Pierrou C, Samec JSM, Subbotina E, Wallmo H, Wimby M. Kraft Lignin: A Valuable, Sustainable Resource, Opportunities and Challenges. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023:e202300492. [PMID: 37493340 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Kraft lignin, a by-product from the production of pulp, is currently incinerated in the recovery boiler during the chemical recovery cycle, generating valuable bioenergy and recycling inorganic chemicals to the pulping process operation. Removing lignin from the black liquor or its gasification lowers the recovery boiler load enabling increased pulp production. During the past ten years, lignin separation technologies have emerged and the interest of the research community to valorize this underutilized resource has been invigorated. The aim of this Review is to give (1) a dedicated overview of the kraft process with a focus on the lignin, (2) an overview of applications that are being developed, and (3) a techno-economic and life cycle asseeements of value chains from black liquor to different products. Overall, it is anticipated that this effort will inspire further work for developing and using kraft lignin as a commodity raw material for new applications undeniably promoting pivotal global sustainability concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris D S Argyropoulos
- Departments of Chemistry and Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, 431 Dan Allen Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695, USA
| | - Claudia Crestini
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30170, Venezia-Mestre, Italy
| | | | - Erik Furusjö
- Division of Bioeconomy and Health, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Lindholmspiren 7 A, SE-41756, Göteborg, Sweden
- Division of Energy Science, Luleå University of Technology, Universitetsområdet Porsön, SE-971 87, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Claudio Gioia
- Department of physics, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 14, 38123, Trento, Italy
| | - Kerstin Jedvert
- Division of Materials and Production, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Lindholmspiren 7 A, SE-41756, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Henriksson
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center (WWSC), KTH, Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christian Hulteberg
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Lund University, 221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Martin Lawoko
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center (WWSC), KTH, Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Clara Pierrou
- RenFuel Materials AB, Rapsgatan 25, SE-754 50, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Joseph S M Samec
- Ren Fuel K2B AB, Rapsgatan 25, SE-754 50, Uppsala, Sweden
- RenFuel Materials AB, Rapsgatan 25, SE-754 50, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arhenius väg 16 C, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, 10330, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Elena Subbotina
- Center for Green Chemistry and Green Engineering, Yale University, 370 Prospect St, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | | | - Martin Wimby
- Valmet AB, Regnbågsgatan 6, 41755, Göteborg, Sweden
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3
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Bengtsson J, Jedvert K, Köhnke T, Theliander H. The challenge of predicting spinnability: Investigating benefits of adding lignin to cellulose solutions in air‐gap spinning. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Bengtsson
- Fiber Development RISE Research Institutes of Sweden Mölndal Sweden
- Division of Forest Products and Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Chalmers University of Technology Göteborg Sweden
| | - Kerstin Jedvert
- Fiber Development RISE Research Institutes of Sweden Mölndal Sweden
| | - Tobias Köhnke
- Fiber Development RISE Research Institutes of Sweden Mölndal Sweden
| | - Hans Theliander
- Division of Forest Products and Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Chalmers University of Technology Göteborg Sweden
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Disassociated molecular orientation distributions of a composite cellulose-lignin carbon fiber precursor: A study by rotor synchronized NMR spectroscopy and X-ray scattering. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 254:117293. [PMID: 33357862 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose-lignin composite carbon fibers have shown to be a potential environmentally benign alternative to the traditional polyacrylonitrile precursor. With the associated cost reduction, cellulose-lignin carbon fibers are an attractive light-weight material for, e.g. wind power and automobile manufacturing. The carbon fiber tenacity, tensile modulus and creep resistance is in part determined by the carbon content and the molecular orientation distribution of the precursor. This work disassociates the molecular orientation of different components in cellulose-lignin composite fibers using rotor-synchronized solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and X-ray scattering. Our results show that lignin is completely disordered, in a mechanically stretched cellulose-lignin composite fiber, while the cellulose is ordered. In contrast, the native spruce wood raw material displays both oriented lignin and cellulose. The current processes for fabricating a cellulose-lignin composite fiber cannot regain the oriented lignin as observed from the native wood.
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Utomo NW, Saifuddin I, Nazari B, Jain P, Colby RH. Chain dynamics and glass transition of dry native cellulose solutions in ionic liquids. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:200-207. [PMID: 31774426 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm01587f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Dry native cellulose solutions in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium methylphosphonate (EMImMPO3H), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (EMImAc), and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BMImCl) ionic liquids (IL) were investigated using subambient linear viscoelastic oscillatory shear. Glass transition temperatures (Tg) of solutions with various cellulose concentrations up to 8.0 wt% were observed as the peaks of loss tangent tan(δ) and loss modulus G'' in descending temperature sweeps at 1 rad s-1. Cellulose/IL solutions showed a minimum in Tg at ∼2.0 wt% cellulose content before increasing with cellulose concentration, suggesting a perturbation of the strongly structured IL solvents by the cellulose chains. Isothermal frequency sweeps in the vicinity of Tg were used to construct time-temperature-superposition master curves. The angular frequency shift factor aT as a function of temperature indicates Arrhenius behavior within a 9 K range near Tg, allowing calculation of fragility, which was found to be constant up to 8.0 wt% cellulose concentration. This result implied that increasing cellulose concentration initially decreases Tg due to disrupted ionic regularity of ILs, but does not seem to change their fragility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyalaliska W Utomo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Indira Saifuddin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Behzad Nazari
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Preet Jain
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Ralph H Colby
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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