Synthesis of pH‐responsive isolated soy protein/carboxymethyl chitosan microspheres for sustained pesticide release

The influence of ionic polysaccharides on the physicochemical and techno-functional properties of soy proteins; a comprehensive review

Since the world's population has surged in recent decades, the need for sustainable as well as environmentally friendly protein sources is growing. However, there are daunting challenges in utilizing these protein sources in the food industry due to their poor techno-functional properties compared with animal proteins. Numerous procedures have been introduced to improve plant protein functionalities with related pros and cons. Among them, complexation with polysaccharides is considered a safe and effective process for modulating plant proteins' technological and industrial applications. Notwithstanding the nutritional value of soy protein (SP) as a "complete protein," it is a crucial protein commercially because of its rank as the highest-traded plant-based protein worldwide. The current review deals with SP complexation with ionic polysaccharides, including chitosan, alginate, carrageenan, and xanthan gum, and their effects on the physicochemical and techno-functional properties of SP. Accordingly, the structure of SP and the abovementioned polysaccharides have been considered for a better understanding of the possible interactions. Then, the changes in the physicochemical and functional properties of SP and their potential applications in the formulation of plant-based food products have been discussed. Overall, ionic polysaccharides at optimum conditions would improve the functional properties of SP by altering its secondary structure, making it suitable for a wide range of applications in the food industry.

Activity of chitin/chitosan/chitosan oligosaccharide against plant pathogenic nematodes and potential modes of application in agriculture: A review

Chemical nematicide is the most common method of controlling plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN). Given the negative impact of chemical nematicides on the environment and ecosystem, it is necessary to seek their alternatives and novel modes of application. Chitin oligo/polysaccharide (COPS), including chitosan and chitosan oligosaccharide, has unique biological properties. By producing ammonia, encouraging the growth of antagonistic bacteria, and enhancing crop tolerance, COPSs help suppress PPN growth during soil remediation. COPS is also an effective sustained-release carrier that can be used to overcome the shortcomings of nematicidal substances. This review summarizes the advancements of COPS research in nematode control from three perspectives of action mechanism as well as in slow-release carrier-loaded nematicides. Further, it discusses potential agricultural applications for nematode disease management.

Preparation and Characterization of Zein-Based Nanoparticles via Ring-Opening Reaction and Self-Assembly as Aqueous Nanocarriers for Pesticides

Herein, we prepared and compared two water-soluble amphiphilic zein-based nanocarrier systems with avermectin (AVM) payload to enhance pesticide's water-dispersity, foliage wettability, adhesion, anti-UV, and pH-responsive controlled release property. Ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (EGDE) and diethanolamine (DEA) were utilized to conjugate with hydrophobic zein via a ring-opening reaction and then encapsulated with AVM via a hydrophobic interaction to fabricate a nanopesticide marked as AVM@Zein-EGDE/DEA. For the sake of further improving the nanocarrier's performance, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) was grafted with methyl methacrylate (MMA) and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) to form a kind of copolymer CMC-g-P(HEMA-MMA), which was applied to conjugate with Zein-EGDE via a ring-opening reaction. Likewise, another nanopesticide system named AVM@Zein-EGDE/CMC-g-P(HEMA-MMA) was obtained through hydrophobic interactions as well as the electrostatic effect. Various techniques were utilized to confirm chemical interaction, thermal behavior, structural characteristics, and stability. The results showed that AVM encapsulated in Zein-EGDE/CMC-g-P(HEMA-MMA) possessed a larger particle size with an average value of 180-254 nm than AVM loaded in Zein-EGDE/DEA with 144-175 nm but had better stability in aqueous solution. Also, AVM loaded in Zein-EGDE/CMC-g-P(HEMA-MMA) enhanced the encapsulation efficiency, and both of them exhibited excellent pH-responsive sustained release behavior. Besides, the former improved wettability on a cucumber leaf surface and enhanced adhesion ability compared to AVM@Zein-EGDE/DEA because of CMC-g-P(HEMA-MMA) with hydrophobic segments. Similarly, anti-UV performance was also enhanced owing to CMC-g-P(HEMA-MMA) as an additional protective layer. More importantly, the encapsulation of Zein-EGDE/DEA and Zein-EGDE/CMC-g-P(HEMA-MMA) as protective barriers for AVM still retained a similar toxicity level. Overall, we demonstrated the proof of concept for the application of amphiphilic zein-based nanomaterials as aqueous nanocarriers for hydrophobic pesticides.