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Jayachitra R, Lincy V, Prasannan A, Nimita Jebaranjitham J, Sangaraju S, Hong PD. Tailored fabrication of biodegradable polymer/ Fe 3O 4 doped WO 3 nano star-based porous membrane with enhanced photo fentonic activity for environmental remediation. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 248:118262. [PMID: 38280523 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
The accelerated development of special-wetting polymeric materials with hierarchical pores for membrane applications is crucial to effectively separating water-soluble and insoluble pollutants, such as oily wastewater, emulsion, organic pollutants, and heavy metals. This pressing environmental and socioeconomic issue requires the implementation of effective remediation technologies. In this study, we successfully fabricated an environmentally friendly membrane with a flexible property by combining biopolymers and magnetic nanohybrids of iron oxide (Fe3O4)-doped tungsten oxide (WO3) through a thermal-induced phase separation process (TIPS). The resulting membrane exhibited a well-defined 3D-interconnected porous network structure when blending poly (ε-caprolactone)/poly (D,L-lactide) (PCL)/(PDLLA) in an 8:2 volume ratio. The Fe3O4@WO3 nanohybrids were synthesized using a hydrothermal process, resulting in a star-shaped morphology from the sea urchin-like WO3 clusters, which showed great potential to efficiently separate water/oil contamination and facilitate visible-light-driven photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes (MB, Rh B, BY, and CR) and photoreduction of hexavalent chromium (Cr (VI)). The obtained PCL/PDLLA/Fe3O4@WO3 nanocomposite membrane demonstrated hydrophobic properties, showing a water contact angle of 95 ± 2° and an excellent oil adsorption capacity of ∼4-4.5 g/g without fouling. The interconnected porous structure of the composite membrane enabled the efficient separation of emulsions (≥99.4 %) and achieved a high permeation flux of up to 1524 L m-2 h-1 under gravity separation. Overall, we obtained a novel high-performance composite material with specialized wetting properties, offering significant potential for effectively removing insoluble and soluble organic contaminants from wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravichandran Jayachitra
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, 106335, Taiwan
| | - Varghese Lincy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, 106335, Taiwan; Universidad Politecnica Taiwán Paraguay (UPTP), Paraguay
| | - Adhimoorthy Prasannan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, 106335, Taiwan.
| | - J Nimita Jebaranjitham
- P.G. Department of Chemistry, Women's Christian College (An Autonomous Institution Affiliated to University of Madras), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sambasivam Sangaraju
- National Water and Energy Center, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Po-Da Hong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, 106335, Taiwan.
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2
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Binazadeh M, Rasouli J, Sabbaghi S, Mousavi SM, Hashemi SA, Lai CW. An Overview of Photocatalytic Membrane Degradation Development. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16093526. [PMID: 37176408 PMCID: PMC10180107 DOI: 10.3390/ma16093526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollution has become a worldwide issue. Rapid industrial and agricultural practices have increased organic contaminants in water supplies. Hence, many strategies have been developed to address this concern. In order to supply clean water for various applications, high-performance treatment technology is required to effectively remove organic and inorganic contaminants. Utilizing photocatalytic membrane reactors (PMRs) has shown promise as a viable alternative process in the water and wastewater industry due to its efficiency, low cost, simplicity, and low environmental impact. PMRs are commonly categorized into two main categories: those with the photocatalyst suspended in solution and those with the photocatalyst immobilized in/on a membrane. Herein, the working and fouling mechanisms in PMRs membranes are investigated; the interplay of fouling and photocatalytic activity and the development of fouling prevention strategies are elucidated; and the significance of photocatalysis in membrane fouling mechanisms such as pore plugging and cake layering is thoroughly explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Binazadeh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71557-13876, Iran
| | - Jamal Rasouli
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71557-13876, Iran
| | - Samad Sabbaghi
- Department of Nano-Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Advanced Technologies, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71557-13876, Iran
| | - Seyyed Mojtaba Mousavi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei City 106335, Taiwan
| | - Seyyed Alireza Hashemi
- Nanomaterials and Polymer Nanocomposites Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Chin Wei Lai
- Nanotechnology & Catalysis Research Centre, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
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3
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An YC, Gao XX, Jiang WL, Han JL, Ye Y, Chen TM, Ren RY, Zhang JH, Liang B, Li ZL, Wang AJ, Ren NQ. A critical review on graphene oxide membrane for industrial wastewater treatment. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 223:115409. [PMID: 36746203 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
An important way to promote the environmental industry's goal of carbon reduction is to promote the recycling of resources. Membrane separation technology has unique advantages in resource recovery and advanced treatment of industrial wastewater. However, the great promise of traditional organic membrane is hampered by challenges associated with organic solvent tolerance, lack of oxidation resistance, and serious membrane fouling control. Moreover, the high concentrations of organic matter and inorganic salts in the membrane filtration concentrate also hinder the wider application of the membrane separation technology. The emerging cost-effective graphene oxide (GO)-based membrane with excellent resistance to organic solvents and oxidants, more hydrophilicity, lower membrane fouling, better separation performance has been expected to contribute more in industrial wastewater treatment. Herein, we provide comprehensive insights into the preparation and characteristic of GO membranes, as well as current research status and problems related to its future application in industrial wastewater treatment. Finally, concluding remarks and future perspectives have been deduced and recommended for the GO membrane separation technology application for industrial wastewater treatment, which leads to realizing sustainable wastewater recycling and a nearly "zero discharge" water treatment process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Chen An
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Xiao-Xu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Wen-Li Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Jing-Long Han
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, PR China.
| | - Yuan Ye
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Technology in Environment Protection of Jiangsu Province, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, PR China
| | - Tian-Ming Chen
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Technology in Environment Protection of Jiangsu Province, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, PR China
| | - Rui-Yun Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Jia-Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Bin Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Zhi-Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Ai-Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Nan-Qi Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
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Gkika DA, Karmali V, Lambropoulou DA, Mitropoulos AC, Kyzas GZ. Membranes Coated with Graphene-Based Materials: A Review. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:127. [PMID: 36837630 PMCID: PMC9965639 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13020127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Graphene is a popular material with outstanding properties due to its single layer. Graphene and its oxide have been put to the test as nano-sized building components for separation membranes with distinctive structures and adjustable physicochemical attributes. Graphene-based membranes have exhibited excellent water and gas purification abilities, which have garnered the spotlight over the past decade. This work aims to examine the most recent science and engineering cutting-edge advances of graphene-based membranes in regard to design, production and use. Additional effort will be directed towards the breakthroughs in synthesizing graphene and its composites to create various forms of membranes, such as nanoporous layers, laminates and graphene-based compounds. Their efficiency in separating and decontaminating water via different techniques such as cross-linking, layer by layer and coating will also be explored. This review intends to offer comprehensive, up-to-date information that will be useful to scientists of multiple disciplines interested in graphene-based membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Despina A. Gkika
- Department of Chemistry, International Hellenic University, 65404 Kavala, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Karmali
- Department of Chemistry, International Hellenic University, 65404 Kavala, Greece
- School of Mineral Resources Engineering, Technical University of Crete, 73100 Chania, Greece
| | - Dimitra A. Lambropoulou
- Department of Chemistry, International Hellenic University, 65404 Kavala, Greece
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - George Z. Kyzas
- Department of Chemistry, International Hellenic University, 65404 Kavala, Greece
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Ali I, Wan P, Raza S, Peng C, Tan X, Sun H, Li J. Development of novel MOF-mixed matrix three-dimensional membrane capsules for eradicating potentially toxic metals from water and real electroplating wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 215:113945. [PMID: 36027965 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The stability and applicability of UiO-66-(NH2)2 metal-organic framework (MOF) nanoparticles (NPs) were successfully improved in this study by incorporating them into alginate biopolymer during the manifestation of crosslinking agents-calcium chloride and glutaraldehyde-via a simple, environment-friendly, and facile approach to eradicate potentially toxic metals (PTMs) such as Cr6+, Cr3+, Cu2+, and Cd2+ from water and real electroplating wastewater. Hydrophilic functional groups (i.e., -OH, -COOH, and -NH2) are imperative in the smooth loading of UiO-66-(NH2)2 MOF- NPs into three-dimensional (3-D) membrane capsules (MCs). The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results suggested that UiO-66-(NH2)2 MOF was effectively bonded in/on the capsule via electrostatic crosslinking between -H3N+ and -COO-. Scanning electron microscopy results revealed a porous honeycomb configuration of the 3-D SGMMCs (S: sodium alginate, G: glutaraldehyde, M: MOF NPs, and MCs: membrane capsules). The maximum monolayer absorption capacities for Cr6+, Cr3+, Cu2+, and Cd2+ were 495, 975, 1295, and 1350 mg/g, respectively. The results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and XPS analyses showed that electrostatic attraction and ion exchange were the main processes for PTM removal used by the as-developed 3-D SGMMCs. The as-developed 3-D SGMMCs exhibited outstanding selectivity for removing the targeted PTMs under the specified pH/conditions and maintained >80% removal efficiency for up to six consecutive treatment cycles. Notably, > 60% removal efficiencies for Cr6+ and Cu2+ were observed when treating real electroplating wastewater. Therefore, the as-developed 3-D SGMMCs can be used as an exceptional multifunctional sorbent to remove and recover PTMs from real electroplating wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Ali
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China; Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210024, China
| | - Peng Wan
- Shenzhen Water Planning & Design Institute Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, 518001, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Water Affairs Big Data and Water Ecology, Shenzhen, 518001, China
| | - Saleem Raza
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Changsheng Peng
- Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Xiao Tan
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210024, China
| | - Huibin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Juying Li
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
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Energy-Efficient CuO/TiO2@GCN Cellulose Acetate-Based Membrane for Concurrent Filtration and Photodegradation of Ketoprofen in Drinking and Groundwater. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12031649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Photocatalytic membranes possessing both photocatalytic and solid-liquid separation capabilities were developed. These materials are based on ternary 1% CuO/TiO2@GCN (1:9) embedded on cellulose acetate (CA) via the phase inversion method. The CA membranes containing 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 wt% of 1% CuO/TiO2@GCN (1:9) (CTG–100, CTG–300 and CTG–500) were fabricated. The deposition of 1% CuO/TiO2@GCN (1:9) onto the CA membranes and the consequential changes in the materials’ properties were investigated with various characterization techniques. For instance, PXRD, FTIR, and XPS analysis provided evidence that photocatalytic membranes were formed. Electron microscopy and EDX were then used to visualize the photocatalytic membranes and show that the photocatalyst (1% CuO/TiO2@GCN (1:9)) was well dispersed onto the CA membrane. On the other hand, the properties of the photocatalytic membranes were scrutinized, where it was found that the membranes had a sponge-like morphology and that was significantly less hydrophilic compared to neat CA. The removal of KP in water using CTG–500 exhibited over 94% efficiency, while 38% for neat CA was achieved. Water permeability flux improved with increasing 1% CuO/TiO2@GCN (1:9) and hydrophilicity of the membranes. The electrical energy consumption was calculated and determined to be significantly lower than that of the CA membrane. The CTG–500 membrane after every cycle showed self-cleaning ability after operation in drinking and groundwater.
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Mohamed A, Yousef S, Tonkonogovas A, Makarevicius V, Stankevičius A. High performance of PES-GNs MMMs for gas separation and selectivity. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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8
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Boffa V, Fabbri D, Calza P, Revelli D, Christensen PV. Potential of nanofiltration technology in recirculating aquaculture systems in a context of circular economy. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL ADVANCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceja.2022.100269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Sakib S, Hosseini A, Zhitomirsky I, Soleymani L. Photoelectrochemical IL-6 Immunoassay Manufactured on Multifunctional Catecholate-Modified TiO 2 Scaffolds. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:50851-50861. [PMID: 34664926 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c18240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
There is an increasing interest in using photoelectrochemistry for enhancing the signal-to-noise ratio and sensitivity of electrochemical biosensors. Nevertheless, it remains challenging to create photoelectrochemical biosensors founded on stable material systems that are also easily biofunctionalized for sensing applications. Herein, a photoelectrochemical immunosensor is reported, in which the concentration of the target protein directly correlates to a change in the measured photocurrent. The material system for the photoelectrode signal transducer involves using catecholate ligands to modify the properties of TiO2 nanostructures in a three-pronged approach of morphology tuning, photoabsorption enhancement, and facilitating bioconjugation. The catecholate-modified TiO2 photoelectrode is combined with a signal-off direct immunoassay to detect interleukin-6 (IL-6), a key biomarker for diagnosing and monitoring various diseases. Catecholate ligands are added during hydrothermal synthesis of TiO2 to enable the growth of three-dimensional nanostructures to form highly porous photoelectrodes that provide a three-dimensional scaffold for immobilizing capture antibodies. Surface modification by catecholate ligands greatly enhances photocurrent generation of the TiO2 photoelectrodes by improving photoabsorption in the visible range. Additionally, catecholate molecules facilitate bioconjugation and probe immobilization by forming a Schiff-base between their -COH group and the -NH2 group of the capture antibodies. The highest photocurrent achieved herein is 8.89 μA cm-2, which represents an enhancement by a factor of 87 from unmodified TiO2. The fabricated immunosensor shows a limit-of-detection of 3.6 pg mL-1 and a log-linear dynamic range of 2-2000 pg mL-1 for IL-6 in human blood plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadman Sakib
- Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, Hamilton L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Amin Hosseini
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Igor Zhitomirsky
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton L8S 4L7, Canada
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Leyla Soleymani
- Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, Hamilton L8S 4L7, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton L8S 4L7, Canada
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10
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Nguyen HT, Pham MT, Nguyen TMT, Bui HM, Wang YF, You SJ. Modifications of conventional organic membranes with photocatalysts for antifouling and self-cleaning properties applied in wastewater filtration and separation processes: A review. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2021.1982981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hieu Trung Nguyen
- Department of Civil Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
- Institute of Applied Technology, Thu Dau Mot University, Thu Dau Mot City, Binh Duong Province, Vietnam
- Center for Environmental Risk Management, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Minh-Thuan Pham
- Department of Civil Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
- Center for Environmental Risk Management, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Truc-Mai Thi Nguyen
- Center for Environmental Toxin and Emerging-Contaminant Research, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ha Manh Bui
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Saigon University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Ya-Fen Wang
- Center for Environmental Risk Management, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Jie You
- Center for Environmental Risk Management, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
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Loske L, Nakagawa K, Yoshioka T, Matsuyama H. 2D Nanocomposite Membranes: Water Purification and Fouling Mitigation. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:E295. [PMID: 33092187 PMCID: PMC7589742 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10100295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the characteristics of different types of nanosheet membranes were reviewed in order to determine which possessed the optimum propensity for antifouling during water purification. Despite the tremendous amount of attention that nanosheets have received in recent years, their use to render membranes that are resistant to fouling has seldom been investigated. This work is the first to summarize the abilities of nanosheet membranes to alleviate the effect of organic and inorganic foulants during water treatment. In contrast to other publications, single nanosheets, or in combination with other nanomaterials, were considered to be nanostructures. Herein, a broad range of materials beyond graphene-based nanomaterials is discussed. The types of nanohybrid membranes considered in the present work include conventional mixed matrix membranes, stacked membranes, and thin-film nanocomposite membranes. These membranes combine the benefits of both inorganic and organic materials, and their respective drawbacks are addressed herein. The antifouling strategies of nanohybrid membranes were divided into passive and active categories. Nanosheets were employed in order to induce fouling resistance via increased hydrophilicity and photocatalysis. The antifouling properties that are displayed by two-dimensional (2D) nanocomposite membranes also are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Loske
- Department of Environmental, Process & Energy Engineering, Management Center Innsbruck (MCI)—The Entrepreneurial School, Maximilianstrasse 2, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
- Research Center for Membrane and Film Technology, Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Keizo Nakagawa
- Research Center for Membrane and Film Technology, Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan;
| | - Tomohisa Yoshioka
- Research Center for Membrane and Film Technology, Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan;
| | - Hideto Matsuyama
- Research Center for Membrane and Film Technology, Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
- Research Center for Membrane and Film Technology, Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan;
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