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Cyclo- and Polyphosphazenes for Biomedical Applications. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238117. [PMID: 36500209 PMCID: PMC9736570 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic and polyphosphazenes are extremely interesting and versatile substrates characterized by the presence of -P=N- repeating units. The chlorine atoms on the P atoms in the starting materials can be easily substituted with a variety of organic substituents, thus giving rise to a huge number of new materials for industrial applications. Their properties can be designed considering the number of repetitive units and the nature of the substituent groups, opening up to a number of peculiar properties, including the ability to give rise to supramolecular arrangements. We focused our attention on the extensive scientific literature concerning their biomedical applications: as antimicrobial agents in drug delivery, as immunoadjuvants in tissue engineering, in innovative anticancer therapies, and treatments for cardiovascular diseases. The promising perspectives for their biomedical use rise from the opportunity to combine the benefits of the inorganic backbone and the wide variety of organic side groups that can lead to the formation of nanoparticles, polymersomes, or scaffolds for cell proliferation. In this review, some aspects of the preparation of phosphazene-based systems and their characterization, together with some of the most relevant chemical strategies to obtain biomaterials, have been described.
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Ogueri KS, Ogueri KS, Ude CC, Allcock HR, Laurencin CT. Biomedical applications of polyphosphazenes. MEDICAL DEVICES & SENSORS 2020; 3:e10113. [PMID: 33889811 PMCID: PMC8059710 DOI: 10.1002/mds3.10113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ever since the pioneering research efforts on their utility in biomedicine, polyphosphazene polymers have witnessed enormous growth and expansion in several biomedical applications due to their unique properties. The development of this exceptional biodegradable system with extraordinary design flexibility, property tunability and neutral bioactivity could stimulate an unprecedented paradigm in biomaterial design. Thus, polyphosphazenes are, undoubtedly, the next-generation biomaterials. This editorial provides a brief perspective on the promising prospects of polyphosphazene-based biomaterials for medical device technology, focusing mainly on the authors' work on this particular polymeric system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth S. Ogueri
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
- Connecticut Convergence Institute for Translation in Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kennedy S. Ogueri
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Chinedu C. Ude
- Connecticut Convergence Institute for Translation in Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Harry R. Allcock
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cato T. Laurencin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
- Connecticut Convergence Institute for Translation in Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
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