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Jamal MA, Shah OR, Ghafoor U, Qureshi Y, Bhutta MR. Additive Manufacturing of Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites via Fused Deposition Modelling: A Comprehensive Review. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1622. [PMID: 38931971 PMCID: PMC11207325 DOI: 10.3390/polym16121622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) has arisen as a transformative technology for manufacturing complex geometries with enhanced mechanical properties, particularly in the realm of continuous fiber-reinforced polymer composites (CFRPCs). Among various AM techniques, fused deposition modeling (FDM) stands out as a promising method for the fabrication of CFRPCs due to its versatility, ease of use, flexibility, and cost-effectiveness. Several research papers on the AM of CFRPs via FDM were summarized and therefore this review paper provides a critical examination of the process-printing parameters influencing the AM process, with a focus on their impact on mechanical properties. This review covers details of factors such as fiber orientation, layer thickness, nozzle diameter, fiber volume fraction, printing temperature, and infill design, extracted from the existing literature. Through a visual representation of the process parameters (printing and material) and properties (mechanical, physical, and thermal), this paper aims to separate out the optimal processing parameters that have been inferred from various research studies. Furthermore, this analysis critically evaluates the current state-of-the-art research, highlighting advancements, applications, filament production methods, challenges, and opportunities for further development in this field. In comparison to short fibers, continuous fiber filaments can render better strength; however, delamination issues persist. Various parameters affect the printing process differently, resulting in several limitations that need to be addressed. Signifying the relationship between printing parameters and mechanical properties is vital for optimizing CFRPC fabrication via FDM, enabling the realization of lightweight, high-strength components for various industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Azfar Jamal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan; (M.A.J.); (O.R.S.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Owaisur Rahman Shah
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan; (M.A.J.); (O.R.S.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Usman Ghafoor
- Department of Logistics & Supply Chain Management, NUST Business School, National University of Science and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Yumna Qureshi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan; (M.A.J.); (O.R.S.); (Y.Q.)
| | - M. Raheel Bhutta
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Asia Campus, Incheon 21985, Republic of Korea
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Kiattipornpithak K, Rachtanapun P, Thanakkasaranee S, Jantrawut P, Ruksiriwanich W, Sommano SR, Leksawasdi N, Kittikorn T, Jantanasakulwong K. Bamboo Pulp Toughening Poly (Lactic Acid) Composite Using Reactive Epoxy Resin. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3789. [PMID: 37765643 PMCID: PMC10537309 DOI: 10.3390/polym15183789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel poly (lactic acid) (PLA) composite with excellent mechanical properties, toughness, thermal stability, and water resistance was developed using a reactive melt-blending technique. PLA was melt mixed with epoxy resin (EPOXY) and bamboo pulp (PULP) to improve its reaction and mechanical properties. FTIR analysis confirmed the successful reaction of the PLA/EPOXY/PULP composites; the epoxy groups of EPOXY reacted with the -COOH groups of PLA and the -OH groups of PULP. The PLA/EPOXY/PULP5 composite showed a high tensile strength (67 MPa) and high toughness of 762 folding cycles, whereas the highest tensile strength was 77 MPa in the PLA/EPOXY5/PULP20 sample. SEM images presented a gap between the PLA and PULP; gap size decreased with the addition of EPOXY. The Tg of the PLA decreased with the EPOXY plasticizer effect, whereas the Tm did not significantly change. PULP induced crystallinity and increased Vicat softening of the PLA/PULP and PLA/EPOXY/PULP composites. The EPOXY reaction of the PLA/PULP composites improved their tensile properties, toughness, thermal stability, and water resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krittameth Kiattipornpithak
- School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Mae-Hea, Mueang, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (K.K.); (P.R.); (S.T.); (N.L.)
| | - Pornchai Rachtanapun
- School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Mae-Hea, Mueang, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (K.K.); (P.R.); (S.T.); (N.L.)
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (P.J.); (W.R.)
| | - Sarinthip Thanakkasaranee
- School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Mae-Hea, Mueang, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (K.K.); (P.R.); (S.T.); (N.L.)
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (P.J.); (W.R.)
| | - Pensak Jantrawut
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (P.J.); (W.R.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Muang, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Warintorn Ruksiriwanich
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (P.J.); (W.R.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Muang, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | | | - Noppol Leksawasdi
- School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Mae-Hea, Mueang, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (K.K.); (P.R.); (S.T.); (N.L.)
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (P.J.); (W.R.)
| | - Thorsak Kittikorn
- Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand;
| | - Kittisak Jantanasakulwong
- School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Mae-Hea, Mueang, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (K.K.); (P.R.); (S.T.); (N.L.)
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (P.J.); (W.R.)
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Zhang L, Zhou J, Sakamoto H, Yamada K. Isothermal crystallization process and thermal analysis of polylactic acid/cotton fiber composites during thermal degradation. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2023.2175220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Linmei Zhang
- Department of Advanced Fibro-Science, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan
- School of Fashion Design, Jiaxing Nanhu University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Jiaru Zhou
- Department of Advanced Fibro-Science, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroki Sakamoto
- Energy Technology Laboratories, Osaka Gas Co., Limited, Konohana-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazushi Yamada
- Faculty of Fiber Science and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan
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Valente BFA, Silvestre AJD, Neto CP, Vilela C, Freire CSR. Improving the Processability and Performance of Micronized Fiber-Reinforced Green Composites through the Use of Biobased Additives. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14173451. [PMID: 36080526 PMCID: PMC9459967 DOI: 10.3390/polym14173451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Green composites made of bioplastics reinforced with natural fibers have gained considerable attention over recent years. However, the use of natural fibers in composites usually compromise some key properties, such as the impact strength and the processability of the final materials. In the present study, two distinct additives, namely an epoxidized linseed oil (ELO) and a sugar-based surfactant, viz. GlucoPure® Sense (GPS), were tested in composite formulations of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) or poly(hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) reinforced with micronized pulp fibers. Both additives showed a plasticizing effect, which led to a decrease in the Young’s and flexural moduli and strengths. At the same time, the elongation and flexural strain at break were considerably improved on some formulations. The melt flow rate was also remarkably improved with the incorporation of the additives. In the PHB-based composites, an increment of 230% was observed upon incorporation of 7.5 wt.% ELO and, in composites based on PLA, an increase of around 155% was achieved with the introduction of 2.5 wt.% GPS. ELO also increased the impact strength to a maximum of 29 kJ m−2, in formulations with PLA. For most composites, a faster degradation rate was observed on the formulations with the additives, reaching, in the case of PHB composites with GPS, a noteworthy weight loss over 75% under burial testing in compost medium at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno F. A. Valente
- CICECO–Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Armando J. D. Silvestre
- CICECO–Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carlos Pascoal Neto
- RAIZ, Research Institute of Forest and Paper (The Navigator Company), Rua José Estevão, Eixo, 3800-783 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carla Vilela
- CICECO–Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carmen S. R. Freire
- CICECO–Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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