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Kerche EF, Kairytė A, Członka S, da Silva VD, Salles NA, Schrekker HS, Amico SC. Imidazolium Ionic Liquids as Compatibilizer Agents for Microcrystalline Cellulose/Epoxy Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15020333. [PMID: 36679214 PMCID: PMC9865422 DOI: 10.3390/polym15020333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Four imidazolium-based ionic liquids (IL; 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1-carboxymethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1,3-dicarboxymethylimidazolium chloride and 1-(2-hydroxyethyl) -3-methylimidazolium chloride) were tested as compatibilizers of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC). Subsequently, ethanolic IL solutions were prepared; MCC was mixed, and the mixtures were left to evaporate the ethanol at ambient conditions. These modified MCC were characterized and applied as reinforcements (5.0 and 10 phr) in an epoxy resin aiming to manufacture biobased composites with enhanced performances. The IL did not significantly modify the morphological and structural characteristics of such reinforcements. Regarding the thermal stability, the slight increase was associated with the MCC-IL affinity. The IL-modified MCC-epoxy composites presented improved mechanical responses, such as flexural strength (≈22.5%) and toughness behavior (≈18.6%), compared with pure epoxy. Such improvement was also obtained for the viscoelastic response, where the storage modulus at the glassy state depended on the MCC amount and IL type. These differences were associated with stronger hydrogen bonding between IL and epoxy hardener or the IL with MCC, causing a "bridging" effect between MCC and epoxy matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Fischer Kerche
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Minas, Metalúrgica e de Materiais (PPGE3M), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil
- Correspondence:
| | - Agnė Kairytė
- Laboratory of Thermal Insulating Materials and Acoustics, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Institute of Building Materials, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, LT-08217 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Sylwia Członka
- Institute of Polymer & Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Vinícius Demétrio da Silva
- Laboratory of Technological Processes and Catalysis, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Nicholas Alves Salles
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Minas, Metalúrgica e de Materiais (PPGE3M), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Henri Stephan Schrekker
- Laboratory of Technological Processes and Catalysis, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Sandro Campos Amico
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Minas, Metalúrgica e de Materiais (PPGE3M), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil
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Zaldivar RJ, Ferrelli GL, Arredondo V, Kim HI. Effect of cure temperature on the thermal degradation, mechanical, microstructural and moisture absorption behavior of vacuum‐only, carbon‐fiber reinforced phenolic composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Kerche EF, da Silva VD, Fonseca E, Salles NA, Schrekker HS, Amico SC. Epoxy-based composites reinforced with imidazolium ionic liquid-treated aramid pulp. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Wu X, Gao Y, Jiang T, Zheng L, Wang Y, Tang B, Sun K, Zhao Y, Li W, Yang K, Yu J. 3D Thermal Network Supported by CF Felt for Improving the Thermal Performance of CF/C/Epoxy Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13060980. [PMID: 33806844 PMCID: PMC8004691 DOI: 10.3390/polym13060980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The heat generated by a high-power device will seriously affect the operating efficiency and service life of electronic devices, which greatly limits the development of the microelectronic industry. Carbon fiber (CF) materials with excellent thermal conductivity have been favored by scientific researchers. In this paper, CF/carbon felt (CF/C felt) was fabricated by CF and phenolic resin using the “airflow network method”, “needle-punching method” and “graphitization process method”. Then, the CF/C/Epoxy composites (CF/C/EP) were prepared by the CF/C felt and epoxy resin using the “liquid phase impregnation method” and “compression molding method”. The results show that the CF/C felt has a 3D network structure, which is very conducive to improving the thermal conductivity of the CF/C/EP composite. The thermal conductivity of the CF/C/EP composite reaches 3.39 W/mK with 31.2 wt% CF/C, which is about 17 times of that of pure epoxy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinfeng Wu
- College of Ocean Science and Engineering and Merchant Marine College, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China; (Y.G.); (T.J.); (L.Z.); (Y.W.); (B.T.); (K.S.); (Y.Z.); (W.L.)
- Correspondence: (X.W.); (K.Y.); (J.Y.)
| | - Yuan Gao
- College of Ocean Science and Engineering and Merchant Marine College, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China; (Y.G.); (T.J.); (L.Z.); (Y.W.); (B.T.); (K.S.); (Y.Z.); (W.L.)
| | - Tao Jiang
- College of Ocean Science and Engineering and Merchant Marine College, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China; (Y.G.); (T.J.); (L.Z.); (Y.W.); (B.T.); (K.S.); (Y.Z.); (W.L.)
| | - Lingyu Zheng
- College of Ocean Science and Engineering and Merchant Marine College, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China; (Y.G.); (T.J.); (L.Z.); (Y.W.); (B.T.); (K.S.); (Y.Z.); (W.L.)
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Ocean Science and Engineering and Merchant Marine College, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China; (Y.G.); (T.J.); (L.Z.); (Y.W.); (B.T.); (K.S.); (Y.Z.); (W.L.)
| | - Bo Tang
- College of Ocean Science and Engineering and Merchant Marine College, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China; (Y.G.); (T.J.); (L.Z.); (Y.W.); (B.T.); (K.S.); (Y.Z.); (W.L.)
| | - Kai Sun
- College of Ocean Science and Engineering and Merchant Marine College, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China; (Y.G.); (T.J.); (L.Z.); (Y.W.); (B.T.); (K.S.); (Y.Z.); (W.L.)
| | - Yuantao Zhao
- College of Ocean Science and Engineering and Merchant Marine College, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China; (Y.G.); (T.J.); (L.Z.); (Y.W.); (B.T.); (K.S.); (Y.Z.); (W.L.)
| | - Wenge Li
- College of Ocean Science and Engineering and Merchant Marine College, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China; (Y.G.); (T.J.); (L.Z.); (Y.W.); (B.T.); (K.S.); (Y.Z.); (W.L.)
| | - Ke Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
- Correspondence: (X.W.); (K.Y.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jinhong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Correspondence: (X.W.); (K.Y.); (J.Y.)
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