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Edwards TR, Shankar R, Smith PGH, Cross JA, Lequeux ZAB, Kemp LK, Qiang Z, Iacano ST, Morgan SE. β-Phase Crystallinity, Printability, and Piezoelectric Characteristics of Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF)/Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)/Cyclopentyl-Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane (Cp-POSS) Melt-Compounded Blends. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2024; 6:5803-5813. [PMID: 38807951 PMCID: PMC11129178 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.4c00468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) is a semicrystalline polymer that exhibits unique piezoelectric characteristics along with good chemical resistance and high thermal stability. Layer-based material extrusion (MEX) 3D printing of PVDF is desired to create complex structures with piezoelectric properties; however, the melt processing of PVDF typically directs the formation of the α crystalline allomorph, which does not contribute to the piezoelectric response. In this work, PVDF was compounded with poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and cyclopentyl-polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (Cp-POSS) nanostructured additives in binary and ternary blends to improve MEX printability while maintaining piezoelectric performance. Overall crystallinity and β phase content were evaluated and quantified using a combination of attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Enhancement of MEX printability was measured by quantifying the interlayer adhesion and warpage of printed parts. All blends studied contained a significant percentage of β allomorph, but it could be detected by ATR-FTIR only after the removal of a thin surface layer. Inclusion of 1% Cp-POSS and up to 10% PMMA in blends with PVDF improved interlayer adhesion (2.3-3.6x) and lowered warpage of MEX printed parts compared to neat PVDF. The blend of 1% Cp-POSS/1% PMMA/PVDF was demonstrated to significantly improve the quality of MEX printed parts while showing similar piezoelectric performance to that of neat PVDF (average piezoelectric coefficient 24 pC/N). MEX printing of PVDF blends directly into usable parts with significant piezoelectric performance while reducing the challenges of printing the semicrystalline polymer opens the potential for application in a number of high value sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby R. Edwards
- School
of Polymer Science and Engineering, University
of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive, #5050, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Rahul Shankar
- School
of Polymer Science and Engineering, University
of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive, #5050, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Paul G. H. Smith
- School
of Polymer Science and Engineering, University
of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive, #5050, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Jacob A. Cross
- School
of Polymer Science and Engineering, University
of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive, #5050, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Zoe A. B. Lequeux
- School
of Polymer Science and Engineering, University
of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive, #5050, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Lisa K. Kemp
- School
of Polymer Science and Engineering, University
of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive, #5050, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Zhe Qiang
- School
of Polymer Science and Engineering, University
of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive, #5050, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Scott T. Iacano
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemistry Research Center, United States Air Force Academy, 2355 Fairchild Drive, Suite 2N225, Colorado Springs, Colorado 80840, United States
| | - Sarah E. Morgan
- School
of Polymer Science and Engineering, University
of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive, #5050, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
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Zhang D, Zhou H, Yang R, Zhang W, Li L. Analysis on the Caged Structure of Polyhedral Oligomeric Dodecaphenyl Silsesquioxane and Its Condensation Mechanism. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.135024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Lyu B, Kou M, Gao D, Luo K, Ma J, Lin Y. Flame retardancy of carboxylated polyhedral oligosilsesquioxane modified layered double hydroxide in the process of leather fatliquoring. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Lyu
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering Shaanxi University of Science and Technology Xi'an China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Green Chemicals and Functional Materials Shaanxi University of Science and Technology Xi'an China
| | - Mengnan Kou
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering Shaanxi University of Science and Technology Xi'an China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Green Chemicals and Functional Materials Shaanxi University of Science and Technology Xi'an China
| | - Dangge Gao
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering Shaanxi University of Science and Technology Xi'an China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Green Chemicals and Functional Materials Shaanxi University of Science and Technology Xi'an China
| | - Kang Luo
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering Shaanxi University of Science and Technology Xi'an China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Green Chemicals and Functional Materials Shaanxi University of Science and Technology Xi'an China
| | - Jianzhong Ma
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering Shaanxi University of Science and Technology Xi'an China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Green Chemicals and Functional Materials Shaanxi University of Science and Technology Xi'an China
| | - Yanjun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
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Brząkalski D, Przekop RE, Sztorch B, Frydrych M, Pakuła D, Jałbrzykowski M, Markiewicz G, Marciniec B. Why POSS-Type Compounds Should Be Considered Nanomodifiers, Not Nanofillers-A Polypropylene Blends Case Study. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13132124. [PMID: 34203425 PMCID: PMC8271478 DOI: 10.3390/polym13132124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, a series of silsesquioxanes (SSQ) and spherosilicates (SS), comprising a group of cage siloxane (CS) compounds, was tested as functional additives for preparation of isotactic polypropylene (iPP)-based nanocomposites and discussed in the aspect of their rationale of applicability as such additives. For this purpose, the compounds were prepared by condensation and olefin hydrosilylation reactions. The effect of these cage siloxane products on properties of obtained CS/iPP nanocomposites was analyzed by means of mechanical, microscopic (scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy), thermal (differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetry), thermomechanical (Vicat softening point) analyses. The results were compared with the previous findings on CS/polyolefin composites. The role of CS compounds was discussed in terms of plastic processing additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Brząkalski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, 61-614 Poznan, Poland; (D.B.); (M.F.); (D.P.)
| | - Robert E. Przekop
- Centre for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, 61-614 Poznan, Poland;
- Correspondence: or (R.E.P.); (B.M.)
| | - Bogna Sztorch
- Centre for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, 61-614 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Miłosz Frydrych
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, 61-614 Poznan, Poland; (D.B.); (M.F.); (D.P.)
| | - Daria Pakuła
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, 61-614 Poznan, Poland; (D.B.); (M.F.); (D.P.)
| | - Marek Jałbrzykowski
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45 C, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland; (M.J.); (G.M.)
| | - Grzegorz Markiewicz
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45 C, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland; (M.J.); (G.M.)
| | - Bogdan Marciniec
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, 61-614 Poznan, Poland; (D.B.); (M.F.); (D.P.)
- Centre for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, 61-614 Poznan, Poland;
- Correspondence: or (R.E.P.); (B.M.)
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