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Bogdanowicz KA, Lalik S, Ratajczyk P, Katrusiak A, Krysiak P, Pawłowska AI, Marzec M, Iwan A. A new look at imines and their mixture with PC 71BM for organic, flexible photovoltaics. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13240. [PMID: 37580390 PMCID: PMC10425360 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38978-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to its high electron affinity and electron mobility in a wide absorption range of the visible solar spectrum, [6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM) is often used as an efficient acceptor in organic photovoltaics. In turn, imines are additives to the active layer of organic solar cells, mainly due to the free electron pair of the imine nitrogen atom and the presence of various chemical groups affecting the polarity and conformations of molecules. However, the attainable efficiency is not as high as expected. Therefore, we have systematically investigated two imines and their mixtures with PC71BM by spectroscopic (the high pressure UV-Vis and frequency domain dielectric), thermoelectric, and mechanical methods for organic, flexible photovoltaics. Both the imines, (N,N'E,N,N'E)-N,N'-([2,2':5',2"-terthiophene]-5,5"-diylbis(methanylylidene))bis(benzo[d]thiazol-2-imine) (SC3) and (6E)-N-((5-(5-(5-((E)-(4-(4-(4-fluorophenyl)thiazol-2-yl)phenylimino)methyl)thiophen-2-yl)thiophen-2-yl)thiophen-2-yl)methylene)-4-(4-(4-fluorophenyl)thiazol-2-yl)benzenamine (SC13), have the same core composed of three thiophene rings but different terminal chains of the molecules. In the imine SC3, the imine bond is followed by benzothiazole rings on both sides of the core, while in SC13, a thiazole ring separates two benzene rings, the terminal one F-substituted. The difference in molecular structure affects the electric properties of the neat imine and its mixed layers. An addition of PC71BM to the imines improves their electric conductivity. The mechanical studies focused on the stress at break and elongation showed superior behaviour compared to fullerene derivative. High pressure systematically reduces the band gap energy, Eg, from 1.68 eV at 0.16 GPa to 1.51 eV at 2.69 GPa for PC71BM, from 1.77 eV at 0.1 MPa to 1.53 eV at 4.15 GPa for SC3, and from 1.99 eV at 0.11 GPa to 1.8 eV at 3.10 GPa for SC13, as determined by the UV-Vis absorbance measurements in a diamond-anvil cell. These Eg reductions reflect the compressed intermolecular interactions that can be used to monitor the structural stability of these compounds. Based on the dielectric studies it was found that the relaxation processes registered for both imines are probably the grain boundary relaxation. Two processes also appear in the systems with PC71BM, but none of them is the one characteristic of imines. The high-frequency process has a dipole character while the low-frequency one is probably the grain boundary relaxation of these systems. The mechanism of quasi-DC conduction in various temperature ranges in the studied systems was also determined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sebastian Lalik
- Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348, Kraków, Poland
| | - Paulina Ratajczyk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Andrzej Katrusiak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Piotr Krysiak
- Military Institute of Engineer Technology, Obornicka 136, 50-961, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Agnieszka I Pawłowska
- Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348, Kraków, Poland
| | - Monika Marzec
- Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Iwan
- Military Institute of Engineer Technology, Obornicka 136, 50-961, Wrocław, Poland.
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Amininasab SM, Mohammadi P, Abdolmaleki S. Synthesis and characterization of polyimidazolium species on silica nanoparticles: Study on cytotoxicity and removal of nitrate from water. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Mojtaba Amininasab
- Polymer Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science University of Kurdistan Sanandaj Iran
| | - Parisa Mohammadi
- Polymer Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science University of Kurdistan Sanandaj Iran
| | - Sara Abdolmaleki
- Polymer Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science University of Kurdistan Sanandaj Iran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, School of Pharmacy Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences Kermanshah Iran
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Jarach N, Dodiuk H, Kenig S, Naveh N. Rheology—Composition relationship of vitrimers based on polyethyleneimine. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natanel Jarach
- The Department of Polymer Materials Engineering, Pernick Faculty of Engineering Shenkar Engineering. Design. Art Raman‐Gan Israel
| | - Hanna Dodiuk
- The Department of Polymer Materials Engineering, Pernick Faculty of Engineering Shenkar Engineering. Design. Art Raman‐Gan Israel
| | - Samuel Kenig
- The Department of Polymer Materials Engineering, Pernick Faculty of Engineering Shenkar Engineering. Design. Art Raman‐Gan Israel
| | - Naum Naveh
- The Department of Polymer Materials Engineering, Pernick Faculty of Engineering Shenkar Engineering. Design. Art Raman‐Gan Israel
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