1
|
Yapar Ö, Piltonen P, Hadela A, Lobnik A. Sustainable All-Cellulose Biocomposites from Renewable Biomass Resources Fabricated in a Water-Based Processing System by the Vacuum-Filtration-Assisted Impregnation Method. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1921. [PMID: 39000776 PMCID: PMC11243798 DOI: 10.3390/polym16131921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The increasing awareness of global ecological concerns and the rising sustainability consciousness associated with the manufacturing of non-renewable and non-biodegradable composite materials have led to extensive research on product and process developments of more sustainable, environmentally friendly, and fully biodegradable biocomposites for higher-value end-use applications. All-cellulose composites (ACCs) are an emerging class of biocomposites, which are produced utilizing solely cellulose as a raw material that is derived from various renewable biomass resources, such as trees and plants, and are assessed as fully biodegradable. In this study, sustainable ACCs were fabricated for the first time based on the full dissolution of commercially available sulfite dissolving (D) pulps as a matrix with concentrations of 1.5 wt.% and 2.0 wt.% in an aqueous NaOH-urea solvent, and they were then impregnated on/into the pre-fabricated birch (B), abaca (A), and northern softwood (N) fiber sheets as reinforcements by the vacuum-filtration-assisted impregnation approach. This research aimed to investigate the effects of the impregnated cellulose matrix concentrations and types of the utilized cellulose fiber reinforcements (B, A, N) on the morphological, crystalline, structural, and physio-mechanical properties of the ACCs. The highest degrees of improvements were achieved for tensile strength (+532%, i.e., from 9.24 MPa to 58.04 MPa) and strain at break of the B fiber-reinforced ACC B1.5 (+446%, i.e., from 1.36% to 4.62%) fabricated with vacuum impregnation of the 1.5 wt.% cellulose matrix. Noticeably, the greatest improvements were attained in strain at break of the A and N fiber-reinforced ACCs A2.0 (+218%, i.e., from 4.44 % to 14.11%) and N2.0 (+466%, i.e., 2.59% to 14.65%), respectively, produced with vacuum impregnation of the 2.0 wt.% cellulose matrix. The study highlights the diverse properties of the all-cellulose biocomposite materials that could, expectedly, lead to further development and research for upscaled production of the ACCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Özkan Yapar
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova Ulica 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Institute for Environmental Protection and Sensors (IOS) Ltd., Beloruska Ulica 7, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Petteri Piltonen
- Fibre and Particle Engineering Research Unit, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 4300, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Ajra Hadela
- Institute for Environmental Protection and Sensors (IOS) Ltd., Beloruska Ulica 7, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Aleksandra Lobnik
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova Ulica 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Institute for Environmental Protection and Sensors (IOS) Ltd., Beloruska Ulica 7, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li D, Chen Y, Xie Y, Feng Q. Direct dissolution of unbleached pulp from corncob and wheat straw in N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 252:126485. [PMID: 37625753 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulose, as a kind of abundant natural resource, continuously developed to convert high value-added biological products is of great significance. Herein, we report a N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (NMMO) solvent system to completely dissolve unbleached pulp to prepare a renewable lignin-containing cellulose film. The viscosity of the completely dissolved cellulose solution was measured using a high-pressure rotary rheometer. The shear viscosity exceeded 85 Pa·s at a shear rate of 1.62 s-1. It exhibited shear-thinning non-Newtonian fluid behavior with increasing shear rate. CF-WS had excellent tensile strength (>73 MPa), and exhibited unique optical properties of high transmittance in the visible region and high shielding performance in the ultraviolet region. When the thickness is only 0.016 mm, the UV shielding rate exceeds 75 % (λ < 380 nm). The structure of the bioplastic was revealed by SEM, XPS, and Raman spectroscopy. Directly dissolving lignocellulose in NMMO aqueous solution is expected to yield bioplastics with high strength and biodegradability. It is a potential substitute for petrochemical plastics and provides a possible way for the utilization of agricultural waste.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongyong Li
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Yiruo Chen
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Yimin Xie
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Qinghua Feng
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Wood-Fiber-Based All-Cellulose Composites and Cellulose-Polypropylene Biocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15030475. [PMID: 36771776 PMCID: PMC9920151 DOI: 10.3390/polym15030475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This article explores wood-fiber-based fabrics containing Lyocell yarn in the warp and Spinnova-Lyocell (60%/40%) yarn in the weft, which are used to form unidirectional all-cellulose composites (ACC) through partial dilution in a NaOH-urea solution. The aim is to investigate the role of the yarn orientation in composites, which was conducted by measuring the tensile properties in both the 0° and 90° directions. As a reference, thermoplastic biocomposites were prepared from the same fabrics, with biobased polypropylene (PP) as the matrix. We also compared the mechanical and thermal properties of the ACC and PP biocomposites. The following experiments were carried out: tensile test, TGA, DSC, DMA, water absorption test and SEM. The study found no significant difference in tensile strength regarding the Spinnova-Lyocell orientation between ACC and PP biocomposites, while the composite tensile strength was clearly higher in the warp (Lyocell) direction for both composite variants. Elongation at break doubled in ACC in the Lyocell direction compared with the other samples. Thermal analysis showed that mass reduction started at a lower temperature for ACC, but the thermal stability was higher compared with the PP biocomposites. Maximum thermal degradation temperature was measured as being 352 °C for ACC and 466 °C for neat PP, and the PP biocomposites had two peaks in the same temperature range (340-474 °C) as ACC and neat PP combined. ACCs absorbed 93% of their own dry weight in water in just one hour, whereas the PP biocomposites BC2 and BC4 absorbed only 10% and 6%, respectively. The study highlights the different properties of ACC and PP reference biocomposites that could lead to further development and research of commercial applications for ACC.
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu X, Zhu X, Peng J, Song D, Xu W, Zhu K. Fabrication and characterization of chemical crosslinked cellulose fiber by dissolving cellulose in alkali urea aqueous solvent. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinglin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies Wuhan Textile University Wuhan China
| | - Xinhai Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies Wuhan Textile University Wuhan China
| | - Junwu Peng
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies Wuhan Textile University Wuhan China
| | - Dengpeng Song
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies Wuhan Textile University Wuhan China
| | - Weilin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies Wuhan Textile University Wuhan China
| | - Kunkun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies Wuhan Textile University Wuhan China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Uusi-Tarkka EK, Levanič J, Heräjärvi H, Kadi N, Skrifvars M, Haapala A. All-Cellulose Composite Laminates Made from Wood-Based Textiles: Effects of Process Conditions and the Addition of TEMPO-Oxidized Nanocellulose. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14193959. [PMID: 36235906 PMCID: PMC9572299 DOI: 10.3390/polym14193959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
All-cellulose composites (ACCs) are manufactured using only cellulose as a raw material. Biobased materials are more sustainable alternatives to the petroleum-based composites that are used in many technical and life-science applications. In this study, an aquatic NaOH-urea solvent system was used to produce sustainable ACCs from wood-based woven textiles with and without the addition of TEMPO-oxidized nanocellulose (at 1 wt.-%). This study investigated the effects of dissolution time, temperature during hot press, and the addition of TEMPO-oxidized nanocellulose on the mechanical and thermal properties of the composites. The results showed a significant change in the tensile properties of the layered textile composite at dissolution times of 30 s and 1 min, while ACC elongation was the highest after 2 and 5 min. Changes in hot press temperature from 70 °C to 150 °C had a significant effect: with an increase in hot press temperature, the tensile strength increased and the elongation at break decreased. Incorporating TEMPO-oxidized nanocellulose into the interface of textile layers before partial dissolution improved tensile strength and, even more markedly, the elongation at break. According to thermal analyses, textile-based ACCs have a higher storage modulus (0.6 GPa) and thermal stabilization than ACCs with nanocellulose additives. This study highlights the important roles of process conditions and raw material characteristics on the structure and properties of ACCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eija-Katriina Uusi-Tarkka
- School of Forest Sciences, Faculty of Science and Forestry, University of Eastern Finland, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
- Correspondence:
| | - Jaka Levanič
- Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Wood Science and Technology, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Nawar Kadi
- Department of Textile Technology, Faculty of Textiles, Engineering and Business, University of Borås, S-50190 Borås, Sweden
| | - Mikael Skrifvars
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, Faculty of Textiles, Engineering and Business, University of Borås, S-50190 Borås, Sweden
| | - Antti Haapala
- School of Forest Sciences, Faculty of Science and Forestry, University of Eastern Finland, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
- FSCN Research Centre, Mid Sweden University, SE-85170 Sundsvall, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yu S, Gan M, Chen Y, Hu Z, Xie Y, Feng Q. Fabrication of lignin-containing cellulose bio-composite based on unbleached corncob and wheat straw pulp. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 208:741-747. [PMID: 35367472 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In contemporary life, plastic, a kind of petroleum carbon source, has been produced and used in varieties of applications. However, the vast consumption of petroleum-based plastic and the burning of agricultural wastes make the environmental problems increasingly severe. Furthermore, a large number of lignocellulosic resources (such as corncob and wheat straw) are often wasted and burned, which will aggravate the environmental damage. In this paper, we use unbleached corncob and wheat straw pulp to fabricate the lignin-containing cellulose bio-composites (LCBs) to reduce non-renewable energy consumption and utilize agricultural wastes. The LCBs were obtained by a direct manufacturing process in benzyltrimethyl ammonium hydroxide (BzMe3NOH) aqueous solution under mild conditions, constituting an entwined composite structure of cellulose micro/nano-fibers. This unique micro/nano-structure provides bio-composites with the outstanding mechanical performance of 96.7 MPa and a high haze of 90.1%. Meanwhile, with the inherent lignin, the LCBs could filter over 81.8% UV-C. As the raw material used is pure natural lignocellulose, the bio-composites prepared have innate environmental friendliness. With exceptional mechanical strength, UV-shielding property, and innate environmental friendliness, the LCBs are possible and potential substitutes for traditional petroleum-based plastic that is easily aging or non-biodegradable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shixu Yu
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, New Materials and Green Manufacturing Talent Introduction and Innovation Demonstration Base, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Meixue Gan
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, New Materials and Green Manufacturing Talent Introduction and Innovation Demonstration Base, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Yiruo Chen
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, New Materials and Green Manufacturing Talent Introduction and Innovation Demonstration Base, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Zhipeng Hu
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, New Materials and Green Manufacturing Talent Introduction and Innovation Demonstration Base, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Yimin Xie
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, New Materials and Green Manufacturing Talent Introduction and Innovation Demonstration Base, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Qinghua Feng
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, New Materials and Green Manufacturing Talent Introduction and Innovation Demonstration Base, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China.
| |
Collapse
|