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Xing J, Liu B, Jiang T, You Y, Zeng X, Yang J, Zhang C, Gong W, He L. Study on the definition, mechanism and controllability of secondary bubbles based on the bubble nucleation model in injection foaming polypropylene. RSC Adv 2023; 13:2746-2755. [PMID: 36756406 PMCID: PMC9850279 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra06702a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The process of nucleation and growth of polypropylene foam was observed by using visualizations of the mold-opening foam injection molding (MOFIM) and free foaming (FREEF). The fitting of the mathematical model formula was used to supplement the judgment conditions of the secondary bubbles to explore the generation process and formation conditions of the secondary bubbles. The results of changes in blowing agent content and melt temperature proved the rationality of the judgment basis and the appearance of secondary bubbles started from the late stage of balanced-foaming. Then, the combined action of several nucleation mechanisms led to the emergence of secondary bubbles, which was observed utilizing glass fibers as nucleating agents and tracers. The data for the two foaming modes indicated that the formation of secondary bubbles is closely related to temperature and pressure drop. The bubble nucleation model was amended and validated by regulating the temperature variation in the mold cavity to control the number of secondary bubbles, which enabled the nucleation process of secondary bubbles to be fitted to an "S-shaped" curve. Finally, a controllable number of secondary bubbles was obtained from the bimodal bubble structure. Herein, this study enriches our understanding of the formation process of secondary bubbles, and provides theoretical guidance for fabricating high density, small size foam materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfu Xing
- College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University Guiyang 550025 China
| | - Bujin Liu
- College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University Guiyang 550025 China
| | - Tuanhui Jiang
- College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University Guiyang 550025 China .,National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymeric Materials Guiyang 550014 China
| | - Yujing You
- College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University Guiyang 550025 China
| | - Xiangbu Zeng
- College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University Guiyang 550025 China .,National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymeric Materials Guiyang 550014 China
| | - Jinkui Yang
- College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University Guiyang 550025 China .,National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymeric Materials Guiyang 550014 China
| | - Chun Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymeric MaterialsGuiyang 550014China
| | - Wei Gong
- College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University Guiyang 550025 China .,School of Materials and Architectural Engineering, Guizhou Normal University Guiyang 550025 China
| | - Li He
- College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University Guiyang 550025 China .,National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymeric Materials Guiyang 550014 China
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2
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Lan X, Huang P, Chong Y, Wu F, Su Y, Luo H, Lee PC, Zheng W. Autoclave foaming and steam-chest molding of polypropylene/polybutene-1 blend bead foams and their crystallization and mechanical properties. J CELL PLAST 2023. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x221150863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Expanded polypropylene (EPP) foams have showed wide applications in our daily life, such as automotive and packaging. Usually, autoclave foaming combined with steam-chest molding is the main artwork to prepare the high-precision EPP foam products. However, the foaming behavior of EPP and the excessive pressure required for molding still need to be further improved, which is great significance for energy saving and cost saving, etc. Herein, this study finds that adding a certain amount of polybutene-1 (PB-1) into the PP can help to reduce the temperature and pressure required for foaming/molding, and to broaden the foaming temperature. For example, in order to make the foam beads bonding well and with the expansion ratio of 20, the molding pressure should be higher than 2.7 bar for Neat PP foams, but just 1.5 bar for PP/PB-1 mixtures. Moreover, the effects of PB-1 content on the crystallization properties and foaming/molding behaviors of the PP/PB-1 bead foams are illustrated, and then the mechanical properties are also studied. Furthermore, the low-pressure foaming strategy presented here is beneficial for reducing the barriers of energy consumption and promoting the development of new bead foam materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Lan
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Pengke Huang
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Yunkai Chong
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Fei Wu
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Yaozhuo Su
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haibin Luo
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Partrick C Lee
- Composites Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wenge Zheng
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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3
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Wang L, Wu M, Ren Q, Weng Z, Li W, Zhu X, Zheng W, Yi X. Strong and high void fraction
PP
/
CNS
nanocomposite foams fabricated by core‐back foam injection molding. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Long Wang
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo Zhejiang People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Minghui Wu
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo Zhejiang People's Republic of China
- Faculty of Science and Engineering University of Nottingham Ningbo China Ningbo People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Ren
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo Zhejiang People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengsheng Weng
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo Zhejiang People's Republic of China
| | - Wanwan Li
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo Zhejiang People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuyu Zhu
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo Zhejiang People's Republic of China
| | - Wenge Zheng
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo Zhejiang People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaosu Yi
- Faculty of Science and Engineering University of Nottingham Ningbo China Ningbo People's Republic of China
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4
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Zhu X, Ren Q, Li W, Wu M, Weng Z, Wang J, Zheng W, Wang L. In situ nanofibrillar fully-biobased poly (lactic acid)/poly (ethylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate) composites with promoted crystallization kinetics, mechanical properties, and heat resistance. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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5
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Chai K, Xu Z, Chen D, Liu Y, Fang Y, Song Y. Effect of nano
TiO
2
on the cellular structure and mechanical properties of wood flour/polypropylene composite foams via mold‐opening foam injection molding. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Chai
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Wooden Materials (Ministry of Education) Northeast Forestry University Harbin China
| | - Zesheng Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Wooden Materials (Ministry of Education) Northeast Forestry University Harbin China
| | - Dong Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Wooden Materials (Ministry of Education) Northeast Forestry University Harbin China
| | - Yingtao Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Wooden Materials (Ministry of Education) Northeast Forestry University Harbin China
| | - Yiqun Fang
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Wooden Materials (Ministry of Education) Northeast Forestry University Harbin China
| | - Yongming Song
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Wooden Materials (Ministry of Education) Northeast Forestry University Harbin China
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