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Costa NL, Hiranobe CT, Cardim HP, Dognani G, Sanchez JC, Carvalho JAJ, Torres GB, Paim LL, Pinto LF, Cardim GP, Cabrera FC, dos Santos RJ, Silva MJ. A Review of EPDM (Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer) Rubber-Based Nanocomposites: Properties and Progress. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1720. [PMID: 38932070 PMCID: PMC11207359 DOI: 10.3390/polym16121720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) is a synthetic rubber widely used in industry and commerce due to its high thermal and chemical resistance. Nanotechnology has enabled the incorporation of nanomaterials into polymeric matrixes that maintain their flexibility and conformation, allowing them to achieve properties previously unattainable, such as improved tensile and chemical resistance. In this work, we summarize the influence of different nanostructures on the mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties of EPDM-based materials to keep up with current research and support future research into synthetic rubber nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiara Lima Costa
- School of Engineering and Science (FEC–UNESP), São Paulo State University, Rosana 19274-000, SP, Brazil; (N.L.C.); (C.T.H.); (H.P.C.); (L.L.P.); (L.F.P.); (G.P.C.); (R.J.d.S.)
- School of Technology and Sciences (FCT–UNESP), São Paulo State University, Presidente Prudente 19060-900, SP, Brazil;
| | - Carlos Toshiyuki Hiranobe
- School of Engineering and Science (FEC–UNESP), São Paulo State University, Rosana 19274-000, SP, Brazil; (N.L.C.); (C.T.H.); (H.P.C.); (L.L.P.); (L.F.P.); (G.P.C.); (R.J.d.S.)
| | - Henrique Pina Cardim
- School of Engineering and Science (FEC–UNESP), São Paulo State University, Rosana 19274-000, SP, Brazil; (N.L.C.); (C.T.H.); (H.P.C.); (L.L.P.); (L.F.P.); (G.P.C.); (R.J.d.S.)
| | - Guilherme Dognani
- School of Technology and Sciences (FCT–UNESP), São Paulo State University, Presidente Prudente 19060-900, SP, Brazil;
| | - Juan Camilo Sanchez
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Pascual Bravo University Institution (IUPB), Medellín 050036, Colombia; (J.C.S.); (J.A.J.C.)
| | | | - Giovanni Barrera Torres
- Industrial Design Engineering Department, Arts and Humanities Faculty, Metropolitan Institute of Technology (ITM), Medellín 050036, Colombia;
| | - Leonardo Lataro Paim
- School of Engineering and Science (FEC–UNESP), São Paulo State University, Rosana 19274-000, SP, Brazil; (N.L.C.); (C.T.H.); (H.P.C.); (L.L.P.); (L.F.P.); (G.P.C.); (R.J.d.S.)
| | - Leandro Ferreira Pinto
- School of Engineering and Science (FEC–UNESP), São Paulo State University, Rosana 19274-000, SP, Brazil; (N.L.C.); (C.T.H.); (H.P.C.); (L.L.P.); (L.F.P.); (G.P.C.); (R.J.d.S.)
| | - Guilherme Pina Cardim
- School of Engineering and Science (FEC–UNESP), São Paulo State University, Rosana 19274-000, SP, Brazil; (N.L.C.); (C.T.H.); (H.P.C.); (L.L.P.); (L.F.P.); (G.P.C.); (R.J.d.S.)
| | - Flávio Camargo Cabrera
- School of Engineering and Science (FEC–UNESP), São Paulo State University, Rosana 19274-000, SP, Brazil; (N.L.C.); (C.T.H.); (H.P.C.); (L.L.P.); (L.F.P.); (G.P.C.); (R.J.d.S.)
| | - Renivaldo José dos Santos
- School of Engineering and Science (FEC–UNESP), São Paulo State University, Rosana 19274-000, SP, Brazil; (N.L.C.); (C.T.H.); (H.P.C.); (L.L.P.); (L.F.P.); (G.P.C.); (R.J.d.S.)
| | - Michael Jones Silva
- School of Engineering and Science (FEC–UNESP), São Paulo State University, Rosana 19274-000, SP, Brazil; (N.L.C.); (C.T.H.); (H.P.C.); (L.L.P.); (L.F.P.); (G.P.C.); (R.J.d.S.)
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De Carvalho AP, Dos Santos HF, Ribeiro GD, Hiranobe CT, Goveia D, Gennaro EM, Paim LL, Dos Santos RJ. Sustainable Composites: Analysis of Filler-Rubber Interaction in Natural Rubber-Styrene-Butadiene Rubber/Polyurethane Composites Using the Lorenz-Park Method and Scanning Electron Microscopy. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:471. [PMID: 38399849 PMCID: PMC10893311 DOI: 10.3390/polym16040471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
This study examined micronized polyurethane residues as a reinforcing filler in elastomeric composites made from natural rubber (NR) and styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR). Due to growing environmental concerns, this research aimed to find sustainable alternatives to synthetic materials. The results indicated that adding micronized polyurethane improved the mechanical properties of the composites, reinforcing the polymer matrix and increasing the cross-link density as a barrier against solvents. The composites met the requirements for industrial applications, though; at 40 phr of polyurethane filler, material deformation was reduced, indicating saturation. FTIR analysis confirmed the homogeneity of the materials without chemical reactions, while electron microscopy revealed an increase in the number of particles and irregularities with the filler. The composite with 10 phr showed a lower volume loss in abrasion resistance, meeting the standards for soles. The composite with 30 phr of polyurethane achieved the best results without the filler's saturation and met the footwear industry's requirements. The results show the potential for sustainable practices in industry using this elastomeric blend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Pimentel De Carvalho
- Department of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Rosana 19274-000, SP, Brazil; (A.P.D.C.); (H.F.D.S.); (G.D.R.); (C.T.H.); (L.L.P.)
| | - Harison Franca Dos Santos
- Department of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Rosana 19274-000, SP, Brazil; (A.P.D.C.); (H.F.D.S.); (G.D.R.); (C.T.H.); (L.L.P.)
| | - Gabriel Deltrejo Ribeiro
- Department of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Rosana 19274-000, SP, Brazil; (A.P.D.C.); (H.F.D.S.); (G.D.R.); (C.T.H.); (L.L.P.)
| | - Carlos Toshiyuki Hiranobe
- Department of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Rosana 19274-000, SP, Brazil; (A.P.D.C.); (H.F.D.S.); (G.D.R.); (C.T.H.); (L.L.P.)
| | - Danielle Goveia
- Department of Science and Technology, Institute of Sciences and Engineering, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Itapeva 18409-010, SP, Brazil;
| | - Elmer Mateus Gennaro
- Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Engineering School, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), São João da Boa Vista 13876-750, SP, Brazil;
| | - Leonardo Lataro Paim
- Department of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Rosana 19274-000, SP, Brazil; (A.P.D.C.); (H.F.D.S.); (G.D.R.); (C.T.H.); (L.L.P.)
| | - Renivaldo José Dos Santos
- Department of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Rosana 19274-000, SP, Brazil; (A.P.D.C.); (H.F.D.S.); (G.D.R.); (C.T.H.); (L.L.P.)
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Torres GB, Hiranobe CT, da Silva EA, Cardim GP, Cardim HP, Cabrera FC, Lozada ER, Gutierrez-Aguilar CM, Sánchez JC, Carvalho JAJ, Job AE, Santos RJ. Eco-Friendly Natural Rubber-Jute Composites for the Footwear Industry. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4183. [PMID: 37896427 PMCID: PMC10610683 DOI: 10.3390/polym15204183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, biocomposites represent a new generation of materials that are environmentally friendly, cost-effective, low-density, and not derived from petroleum. They have been widely used to protect the environment and generate new alternatives in the polymer industry. In this study, we incorporated untreated jute fibers (UJFs) and alkaline-treated jute fibers (TJFs) at 1-5 and 10 phr into TSR 10 natural rubber as reinforcement fillers. These composites were produced to be used in countersole shoes manufacturing. Untreated fibers were compared to those treated with 10% sodium hydroxide. The alkali treatment allowed the incorporation of fibers without compromising their mechanical properties. The TJF samples exhibited 8% less hardness, 70% more tensile strength, and the same flexibility compared to their pure rubber counterparts. Thanks to their properties and ergonomic appearance, the composites obtained here can be useful in many applications: construction materials (sound insulating boards, and flooring materials), the automotive industry (interior moldings), the footwear industry (shoe soles), and anti-static moldings. These new compounds can be employed in innovative processes to reduce their carbon footprint and negative impact on our planet. Using the Lorenz-Park equation, the loaded composites examined in this study exhibited values above 0.7, which means a competitive load-rubber interaction. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to investigate the morphology of the composites in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Barrera Torres
- Industrial Design Engineering Department, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, Metropolitan Institute of Technology (ITM), Medellín 050036, Colombia; (G.B.T.); (C.M.G.-A.)
| | - Carlos T. Hiranobe
- School of Engineering and Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rosana 19274-000, SP, Brazil; (C.T.H.); (G.P.C.); (F.C.C.)
| | - Erivaldo Antonio da Silva
- Department of Cartography, School of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente 19060-900, SP, Brazil;
| | - Guilherme P. Cardim
- School of Engineering and Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rosana 19274-000, SP, Brazil; (C.T.H.); (G.P.C.); (F.C.C.)
| | - Henrique P. Cardim
- Postgraduate Program in Science and Technology of Materials (POSMAT), School of Engineering and Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rosana 19274-000, SP, Brazil;
| | - Flavio C. Cabrera
- School of Engineering and Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rosana 19274-000, SP, Brazil; (C.T.H.); (G.P.C.); (F.C.C.)
| | - Elizabeth R. Lozada
- Postgraduate Program in Sustainable Development, Faculty of Exact and Applied Sciences, Metropolitan Institute of Technology (ITM), Medellín 050036, Colombia;
| | - Carlos M. Gutierrez-Aguilar
- Industrial Design Engineering Department, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, Metropolitan Institute of Technology (ITM), Medellín 050036, Colombia; (G.B.T.); (C.M.G.-A.)
| | - Juan C. Sánchez
- Advanced Manufacturing Technology Center (SENA), Medellín 050036, Colombia; (J.C.S.); (J.A.J.C.)
- Mechanical Department, Pascual Bravo University Institution (IUPB), Medellín 050036, Colombia
| | - Jaime A. Jaramillo Carvalho
- Advanced Manufacturing Technology Center (SENA), Medellín 050036, Colombia; (J.C.S.); (J.A.J.C.)
- Mechanical Department, Pascual Bravo University Institution (IUPB), Medellín 050036, Colombia
| | - Aldo E. Job
- Department of Physics, School of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente 19060-900, SP, Brazil;
| | - Renivaldo J. Santos
- School of Engineering and Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rosana 19274-000, SP, Brazil; (C.T.H.); (G.P.C.); (F.C.C.)
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Hiranobe CT, Tolosa GR, Santos GTDA, de Oliveira JPJ, Budemberg ER, Silva MJD, Cabrera FC, Job AE, Paim LL, Torres GB, Santos RJD. Recycling waste polyurethane from the refrigeration industry as filler in
SBR
/
NR
composites for industrial applications. J Appl Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Toshiyuki Hiranobe
- Departamento de Engenharia de Energia, Faculdade de Engenharia e Ciências Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Campus de Rosana Rosana Brazil
| | - Gabrieli Roefero Tolosa
- Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciência e Tecnologia Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Campus de Presidente Prudente Presidente Prudente Brazil
| | - Gleyson Tadeu de Almeida Santos
- Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciência e Tecnologia Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Campus de Presidente Prudente Presidente Prudente Brazil
| | | | - Eduardo Roque Budemberg
- Departamento de Engenharia de Energia, Faculdade de Engenharia e Ciências Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Campus de Rosana Rosana Brazil
| | - Michael Jones da Silva
- Departamento de Engenharia de Energia, Faculdade de Engenharia e Ciências Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Campus de Rosana Rosana Brazil
| | - Flávio Camargo Cabrera
- Departamento de Engenharia de Energia, Faculdade de Engenharia e Ciências Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Campus de Rosana Rosana Brazil
| | - Aldo Eloizo Job
- Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciência e Tecnologia Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Campus de Presidente Prudente Presidente Prudente Brazil
| | - Leonardo Lataro Paim
- Departamento de Engenharia de Energia, Faculdade de Engenharia e Ciências Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Campus de Rosana Rosana Brazil
| | - Giovanni Barrera Torres
- Departamento de Ingeniería de Diseño Industrial Instituto Tecnológico Metropolitano (ITM) Medellín Colombia
| | - Renivaldo José dos Santos
- Departamento de Engenharia de Energia, Faculdade de Engenharia e Ciências Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Campus de Rosana Rosana Brazil
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