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Feng J, Liu L, Zhang Y, Wang Q, Liang H, Wang H, Song P. Rethinking the pathway to sustainable fire retardants. EXPLORATION (BEIJING, CHINA) 2023; 3:20220088. [PMID: 37933239 PMCID: PMC10624375 DOI: 10.1002/exp.20220088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Flame retardants are currently used in a wide range of industry sectors for saving lives and property by mitigating fire hazards. The growing fire safety requirements for materials boost an escalating demand for consumption of fire retardants. This has significantly driven both the industry and scientific community to pursue sustainable fire retardants, but what makes a sustainable flame retardant? Here an overview of recent advances in sustainable flame retardants is offered, and their renewable raw materials, green synthesis and life cycle assessments are highlighted. A discussion on key challenges that hinder the innovation of fire retardants and design principles for creating truly sustainable yet cost-effective fire retardants are also presented. This short work is expected to help drive the development of sustainable, cost-effective fire retardants, and expedite the creation of a more sustainable and safer society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabing Feng
- China‐Australia Institute for Advanced Materials and ManufacturingJiaxing UniversityJiaxingChina
| | - Lei Liu
- College of Environment and Safety EngineeringQingdao University of Science and TechnologyQingdaoChina
| | - Yan Zhang
- Laboratory of Polymer Materials and EngineeringNingboTech UniversityNingboChina
| | - Qingsheng Wang
- Department of Chemical EngineeringTexas A&M UniversityTexasUSA
| | - Hong Liang
- Mary Kay O'Connor Process Safety Center, Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical EngineeringTexas A&M UniversityTexasUSA
| | - Hao Wang
- Centre for Future MaterialsUniversity of Southern QueenslandSpringfieldAustralia
| | - Pingan Song
- Centre for Future MaterialsUniversity of Southern QueenslandSpringfieldAustralia
- School of Agriculture and Environmental ScienceUniversity of Southern QueenslandSpringfieldAustralia
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Wang Y, Liu B, Chen R, Wang Y, Han Z, Wang C, Weng L. Synergistic Effect of Nano-Silica and Intumescent Flame Retardant on the Fire Reaction Properties of Polypropylene Composites. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:4759. [PMID: 37445072 DOI: 10.3390/ma16134759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Silica nanoparticles (nano-silica) were used as synergistic agents with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and pentaerythritol (PER) to enhance flame retardancy of polypropylene (PP) in this research. The composites were prepared using a melt-mixing method. The influences of nano-silica on the fire performance of composites were thoroughly discussed, which promotes understanding of nano-silica on the flame-retardant performance of polypropylene composite. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS) results indicated that the nano-silica with a diameter of about 95 ± 3.9 nm were dispersed favorably in the composite matrix, which might elevate its synergistic effect with intumescent flame retardant and improve the flame retardancy of polypropylene composite. The synergistic effects between nano-silica and intumescent flame retardant on PP composites were studied using the limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL-94 test, and cone calorimeter test (CCT). The total amount of flame retardant was maintained at 30%. When the dosage of nano-silica was 1 wt.%, the LOI value of PP/IFR/Si1.0 composite reached 27.3% and its UL-94 classification reached V-1. Based on the parameters of the CCT, the introduction of nano-silica induced composites with depressed heat release rate (HRR) and peak heat release rate (PHRR). The PHRR of PP/IFR/Si0.5 was only 295.8 kW/m2, which was 17% lower than that of PP/IFR. Moreover, the time to PHRR of PP/IFR/Si0.5 was delayed to 396 s, which was about 36 s later than that without nano-silica. EDS was used to quantitatively analyze the distribution of silica in charred residue. The EDS results indicated that the silica tended to accumulate on the surface during the fire. The surface accumulation characteristic of silica endows it with the enhanced flame-retardant properties of polypropylene composite at a very small dosage (as low as 1 wt.%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongliang Wang
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Baoqiang Liu
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Ruiyang Chen
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yunfei Wang
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Zhidong Han
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150040, China
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Dielectrics and Its Application, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Chunfeng Wang
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Ling Weng
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150040, China
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Xu P, Qi G, Lv D, Niu D, Yang W, Bai H, Yan X, Zhao X, Ma P. Enhanced flame retardancy and toughness of eco-friendly polyhydroxyalkanoate/bentonite composites based on in situ intercalation of P-N-containing hyperbranched macromolecules. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 232:123345. [PMID: 36669635 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) is a biodegradable polyester, and its application range is limited by the poor flame retardancy and low modulus. Bentonite (BNT) as a green inorganic filler can improve the modulus and flame retardancy of PHA to a certain extent. An in situ polymerization method was designed to intercalate P-N-containing hyperbranched macromolecules (HBM) among BNT layers (HBM-B) and to improve the flame retardancy while improving the dispersion of BNT in the PHA matrix. The layer spacing of BNT was increased from 1.2 nm to 4.5 nm. The effect law of the joint action of in situ intercalation of BNT and the HBM on flame retardancy and mechanical properties of PHA was systematically studied. The HBM-B showed stronger flame retardancy when the mass ratio of HBM to BNT was 75/25. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) of the PHA/HBM-B composite was increased to 27.6 % while maintaining good toughness. Compared to the physical blend of HBM and BNT (HBM/B), the elongation at break of PHA/HBM-B25 composites can be increased by up to 10 times. When the content of HBM-B is up to 15 wt%, the LOI of PHA-Based composites can reach 29.6 % and the UL-94 rating reaches V-0, which meets the standard of flame-retardant material. Therefore, the present work is expected to expand the application of PHA-based composites in the field of flame retardancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengwu Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Gaopeng Qi
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Dongxuan Lv
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Deyu Niu
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Weijun Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Huiyu Bai
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xiuping Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Piming Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China.
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Improving flame retardant and smoke suppression efficiency for PBS by adding a tannin surface and interfacial modified IFR/MMT synergist. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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