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von Witzleben M, Hahn J, Richter RF, de Freitas B, Steyer E, Schütz K, Vater C, Bernhardt A, Elschner C, Gelinsky M. Tailoring the pore design of embroidered structures by melt electrowriting to enhance the cell alignment in scaffold-based tendon reconstruction. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2024; 156:213708. [PMID: 38029698 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Tissue engineering of ligaments and tendons aims to reproduce the complex and hierarchical tissue structure while meeting the biomechanical and biological requirements. For the first time, the additive manufacturing methods of embroidery technology and melt electrowriting (MEW) were combined to mimic these properties closely. The mechanical benefits of embroidered structures were paired with a superficial micro-scale structure to provide a guide pattern for directional cell growth. An evaluation of several previously reported MEW fiber architectures was performed. The designs with the highest cell orientation of primary dermal fibroblasts were then applied to embroidery structures and subsequently evaluated using human adipose-derived stem cells (AT-MSC). The addition of MEW fibers resulted in the formation of a mechanically robust layer on the embroidered scaffolds, leading to composite structures with mechanical properties comparable to those of the anterior cruciate ligament. Furthermore, the combination of embroidered and MEW structures supports a higher cell orientation of AT-MSC compared to embroidered structures alone. Collagen coating further promoted cell attachment. Thus, these investigations provide a sound basis for the fabrication of heterogeneous and hierarchical synthetic tendon and ligament substitutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max von Witzleben
- Technische Universität Dresden, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Judith Hahn
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V. (IPF), Institute of Polymer Materials, Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ron F Richter
- Technische Universität Dresden, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Bianca de Freitas
- Technische Universität Dresden, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Emily Steyer
- Technische Universität Dresden, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Kathleen Schütz
- Technische Universität Dresden, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Corina Vater
- Technische Universität Dresden, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Anne Bernhardt
- Technische Universität Dresden, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Cindy Elschner
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V. (IPF), Institute of Polymer Materials, Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Gelinsky
- Technische Universität Dresden, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
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Zulkifli MZA, Nordin D, Shaari N, Kamarudin SK. Overview of Electrospinning for Tissue Engineering Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15112418. [PMID: 37299217 DOI: 10.3390/polym15112418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering (TE) is an emerging field of study that incorporates the principles of biology, medicine, and engineering for designing biological substitutes to maintain, restore, or improve tissue functions with the goal of avoiding organ transplantation. Amongst the various scaffolding techniques, electrospinning is one of the most widely used techniques to synthesise a nanofibrous scaffold. Electrospinning as a potential tissue engineering scaffolding technique has attracted a great deal of interest and has been widely discussed in many studies. The high surface-to-volume ratio of nanofibres, coupled with their ability to fabricate scaffolds that may mimic extracellular matrices, facilitates cell migration, proliferation, adhesion, and differentiation. These are all very desirable properties for TE applications. However, despite its widespread use and distinct advantages, electrospun scaffolds suffer from two major practical limitations: poor cell penetration and poor load-bearing applications. Furthermore, electrospun scaffolds have low mechanical strength. Several solutions have been offered by various research groups to overcome these limitations. This review provides an overview of the electrospinning techniques used to synthesise nanofibres for TE applications. In addition, we describe current research on nanofibre fabrication and characterisation, including the main limitations of electrospinning and some possible solutions to overcome these limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zikri Aiman Zulkifli
- Department of Chemical & Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Build Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Darman Nordin
- Department of Chemical & Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Build Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Norazuwana Shaari
- Full Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siti Kartom Kamarudin
- Full Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
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Chen J, Rong F, Xie Y. Fabrication, Microstructures and Sensor Applications of Highly Ordered Electrospun Nanofibers: A Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16093310. [PMID: 37176192 PMCID: PMC10179621 DOI: 10.3390/ma16093310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The review summarizes the fabrication, microstructures, and sensor applications of highly ordered electrospun nanofibers. In the traditional electrospinning process, electrospun nanofibers usually have disordered or random microstructures due to the chaotic oscillation of the electrospinning jet. Different electrospinning methods can be formed by introducing external forces, such as magnetic, electric, or mechanical forces, and ordered nanofibers can be collected. The microstructures of highly ordered nanofibers can be divided into three categories: uniaxially ordered nanofibers, biaxially ordered nanofibers and ordered scaffolds. The three microstructures are each characterized by being ordered in different dimensions. The regulation and control of the ordered microstructures can promote electrospun nanofibers' mechanical and dielectric strength, surface area and chemical properties. Highly ordered electrospun nanofibers have more comprehensive applications than disordered nanofibers do in effect transistors, gas sensors, reinforced composite materials and tissue engineering. This review also intensively summarizes the applications of highly ordered nanofibers in the sensor field, such as pressure sensors, humidity sensors, strain sensors, gas sensors, and biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
- Southeast University-Monash University Joint Graduate School (Suzhou), Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Fei Rong
- School of Biological Sciences and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Yibing Xie
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
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Vernon MJ, Lu J, Padman B, Lamb C, Kent R, Mela P, Doyle B, Ihdayhid AR, Jansen S, Dilley RJ, De-Juan-Pardo EM. Engineering Heart Valve Interfaces Using Melt Electrowriting: Biomimetic Design Strategies from Multi-Modal Imaging. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2201028. [PMID: 36300603 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202201028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Interfaces within biological tissues not only connect different regions but also contribute to the overall functionality of the tissue. This is especially true in the case of the aortic heart valve. Here, melt electrowriting (MEW) is used to engineer complex, user-defined, interfaces for heart valve scaffolds. First, a multi-modal imaging investigation into the interfacial regions of the valve reveals differences in collagen orientation, density, and recruitment in previously unexplored regions including the commissure and inter-leaflet triangle. Overlapping, suturing, and continuous printing methods for interfacing MEW scaffolds are then investigated for their morphological, tensile, and flexural properties, demonstrating the superior performance of continuous interfaces. G-codes for MEW scaffolds with complex interfaces are designed and generated using a novel software and graphical user interface. Finally, a singular MEW scaffold for the interfacial region of the aortic heart valve is presented incorporating continuous interfaces, gradient porosities, variable layer numbers across regions, and tailored fiber orientations inspired by the collagen distribution and orientation from the multi-modal imaging study. The scaffold exhibits similar yield strain, hysteresis, and relaxation behavior to porcine heart valves. This work demonstrates the ability of a bioinspired approach for MEW scaffold design to address the functional complexity of biological tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Vernon
- T3mPLATE, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, and UWA Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.,Vascular Engineering Laboratory, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, and UWA Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.,School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Jason Lu
- T3mPLATE, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, and UWA Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.,School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Benjamin Padman
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Christopher Lamb
- T3mPLATE, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, and UWA Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.,School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Ross Kent
- Regenerative Medicine Program, CIMA, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, 31008, Spain
| | - Petra Mela
- Medical Materials and Implants, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering and TUM School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstr. 15, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Barry Doyle
- Vascular Engineering Laboratory, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, and UWA Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.,School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre for Personalised Therapeutics Technologies, Australian Research Council, Parkville, ACT, 2609, Australia.,British Heart Foundation Centre of Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH1-3AT, UK
| | - Abdul Rahman Ihdayhid
- Department of Cardiology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA, 6150, Australia.,Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Shirley Jansen
- Vascular Engineering Laboratory, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, and UWA Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.,Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6102, Australia.,Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.,Heart and Vascular Research Institute, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Rodney J Dilley
- T3mPLATE, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, and UWA Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.,School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Elena M De-Juan-Pardo
- T3mPLATE, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, and UWA Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.,School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
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