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Singhal P, Senecal JMM, Senecal JEM, Silwal P, Lynn BD, Nagy JI. Characteristics of Electrical Synapses, C-terminals and Small-conductance Ca 2+ activated Potassium Channels in the Sexually Dimorphic Cremaster Motor Nucleus in Spinal Cord of Mouse and Rat. Neuroscience 2023; 521:58-76. [PMID: 37100373 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Sexually dimorphic motoneurons (MNs) located in lower lumbar spinal cord are involved in mating and reproductive behaviours and are known to be coupled by electrical synapses. The cremaster motor nucleus in upper lumbar spinal cord has also been suggested to support physiological processes associated with sexual behaviours in addition to its thermoregulatory and protective role in maintaining testes integrity. Using immunofluorescence approaches, we investigated whether cremaster MNs also exhibit features reflecting their potential for electrical synaptic communication and examined some of their other synaptic characteristics. Both mice and rats displayed punctate immunolabelling of Cx36 associated with cremaster MNs, indicative of gap junction formation. Transgenic mice with enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) reporter for connexin36 expression showed that subpopulations of cremaster MNs in both male and female mice express eGFP, with greater proportions of those in male mice. The eGFP+ MNs within the cremaster nucleus vs. eGFP- MNs inside and outside this nucleus displayed a 5-fold greater density of serotonergic innervation and exhibited a paucity of innervation by C-terminals arising from cholinergic V0c interneurons. All MNs within the cremaster motor nucleus displayed prominent patches of immunolabelling for SK3 (K+) channels around their periphery, suggestive of their identity as slow MNs, many though not all of which were in apposition to C-terminals. The results provide evidence for electrical coupling of a large proportion of cremaster MNs and suggest the existence of two populations of these MNs with possibly differential innervation of their peripheral target muscles serving different functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Singhal
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - J M M Senecal
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - J E M Senecal
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - P Silwal
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - B D Lynn
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - J I Nagy
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3E 0J9, Canada.
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Functional histology of human scrotal wall layers and their overlooked relation with infertility: a narrative review. Int J Impot Res 2022:10.1038/s41443-022-00573-5. [PMID: 35488082 DOI: 10.1038/s41443-022-00573-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Male infertility currently contributes to nearly half of the reported infertility cases. Scrotal wall layers play a cardinal role in regulating testicular physiology. However, few studies have focused on the functional histology of these layers and their relations with infertility in humans. The objective of the present narrative review is to collate novel insights into the functional histology of the human scrotal wall layers and their relation with infertility. The data was extracted from articles published between 1946 and 2021. The study was performed between January and December 2021. 71 original studies have been included in this review. Despite the fact that few studies have presented detailed functional histology of the human scrotal wall layers, this narrative review elucidates the possible influence of scrotal histology on infertility. Scrotal wall layers-associated pathologies may induce infertility by various mechanisms. They can impose mechanical forces that may affect the testicular histology and stimulate testicular inflammation. Moreover, they may induce testicular hyperthermia. Various unanswered clinical questions have been identified in this narrative review. More clinical studies are needed to assess the effect of alterations in the components of the scrotal wall layers on fertility (e.g., due to the exposure to metabolic and/or psychological stressors). In addition, testing the effectiveness of various pharmacological/surgical interventions to treat scrotal wall layers-associated pathologies will provide more insights into infertility treatment.
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Takeshita H, Tachibana K, Sugiyama H, Kagawa M, Yano A, Okada Y, Morozumi M, Kawakami S. Nomogram predicting testicular torsion in Japanese patients with acute scrotal pain using physical examination findings and environmental conditions: Development and prospective external validation. Int J Urol 2021; 29:42-48. [PMID: 34599531 DOI: 10.1111/iju.14710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To develop a prediction tool based on physical findings and environmental conditions without utilizing color Doppler ultrasonography to guide non-urologists and patients' families in determining the testicular torsion possibility among patients with acute scrotal pain. METHODS Overall, 110 consecutive patients aged ≤30 years with acute scrotal pain at Saitama Medical Center between 2012 and 2014 were retrospectively evaluated. Physical examination results, including scrotal inspection, palpation and gait observation, and environmental conditions at pain onset (time range and ambient temperature) were collected. Multivariate analysis identified significant and independent risk factors for testicular torsion, and a nomogram predicting testicular torsion was constructed. The model underwent prospective validation in an independent set of 123 consecutive patients admitted with acute scrotal pain to our institution between 2015 and 2017. RESULTS Testicular torsion diagnosis rates were 27% (30/110) and 26% (32/123) in the training and validation cohorts, respectively. Logistic regression analysis showed four risk factors for developing testicular torsion: abnormal testicular position, walking difficulty, midnight to early morning onset and ambient temperature <15°C at pain onset. The constructed nomogram showed that the areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves were 0.92 and 0.84 for the training and validation cohorts, respectively. The calibration plot showed an acceptable fitness between the predicted probability and the observed rate of testicular torsion. CONCLUSIONS A novel nomogram was developed solely based on physical findings and environmental conditions to predict testicular torsion in Japanese patients with acute scrotal pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Takeshita
- Department of Urology, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Kawagoe, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kojiro Tachibana
- Department of Urology, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Kawagoe, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hironori Sugiyama
- Department of Urology, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Kawagoe, Saitama, Japan
| | - Makoto Kagawa
- Department of Urology, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Kawagoe, Saitama, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yano
- Department of Urology, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Kawagoe, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yohei Okada
- Department of Urology, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Kawagoe, Saitama, Japan
| | - Makoto Morozumi
- Department of Urology, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Kawagoe, Saitama, Japan
| | - Satoru Kawakami
- Department of Urology, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Kawagoe, Saitama, Japan
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Molinaro F, Fusi G, Aglianò M, Volpi N, Franci D, Lorenzoni P, Messina M, Galgano A, Grasso F, Plessi C, Messina M, Angotti R. Clinically Differentiated Abnormalities of the Architecture and Expression of Myosin Isoforms of the Human Cremaster Muscle in Cryptorchidism and Retractile Testis. Urol Int 2020; 104:891-901. [PMID: 32674099 DOI: 10.1159/000508432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
AIM To describe architecture and expression of myosin isoforms of the human cremaster muscle (CM) and to individuate changes in clinically differentiated abnormalities of testicular descent: cryptorchidism or undescended testis (UDT) and retractile testis (RT). BACKGROUND The CM is a nonsomitic striated muscle differentiating from mesenchyme of the gubernaculum testis. Morphofunctional and molecular peculiarities linked to its unique embryological origin are not yet completely defined. Its role in abnormalities of testicular descent is being investigated. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Biopsy samples were obtained from corrective surgery in cases of cryptorchidism, retractile testis, inguinal hernia, or hydrocele. Muscle specimens were processed for morphology, histochemistry, and immunohistology. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The CM differs from the skeletal muscles both for morphological and molecular characteristics. The presence of fascicles with different characterization and its myosinic pattern suggested that the CM could be included in the specialized muscle groups, such as the extrinsic ocular muscles (EOMs) and laryngeal and masticatory muscles. The embryological origin from the nonsomitic mesoderm is, also for the CM, the basis of distinct molecular pathways. In UDT, the histological alterations of CM are suggestive of denervation; the genitofemoral nerve and its molecular messengers directed to this muscle are likely defective. Compared with the other samples, RT has a distinct myosinic pattern; therefore, it has been considered a well-defined entity with respect to the other testicular descent abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Molinaro
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Giulia Fusi
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy,
| | - Margherita Aglianò
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Nila Volpi
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Daniela Franci
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Paola Lorenzoni
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Maddalena Messina
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Angela Galgano
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Francesco Grasso
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Carlotta Plessi
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Mario Messina
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Rossella Angotti
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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Sengul G, Ertekin C. Human cremaster muscle and cremasteric reflex: A comprehensive review. Clin Neurophysiol 2020; 131:1354-1364. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2020.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Isolation and characterization of myogenic precursor cells from human cremaster muscle. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3454. [PMID: 30837559 PMCID: PMC6401155 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40042-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human myogenic precursor cells have been isolated and expanded from a number of skeletal muscles, but alternative donor biopsy sites must be sought after in diseases where muscle damage is widespread. Biopsy sites must be relatively accessible, and the biopsied muscle dispensable. Here, we aimed to histologically characterize the cremaster muscle with regard number of satellite cells and regenerative fibres, and to isolate and characterize human cremaster muscle-derived stem/precursor cells in adult male donors with the objective of characterizing this muscle as a novel source of myogenic precursor cells. Cremaster muscle biopsies (or adjacent non-muscle tissue for negative controls; N = 19) were taken from male patients undergoing routine surgery for urogenital pathology. Myosphere cultures were derived and tested for their in vitro and in vivo myogenic differentiation and muscle regeneration capacities. Cremaster-derived myogenic precursor cells were maintained by myosphere culture and efficiently differentiated to myotubes in adhesion culture. Upon transplantation to an immunocompromised mouse model of cardiotoxin-induced acute muscle damage, human cremaster-derived myogenic precursor cells survived to the transplants and contributed to muscle regeneration. These precursors are a good candidate for cell therapy approaches of skeletal muscle. Due to their location and developmental origin, we propose that they might be best suited for regeneration of the rhabdosphincter in patients undergoing stress urinary incontinence after radical prostatectomy.
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Immediate and delayed effects of atmospheric temperature in the incidence of testicular torsion. J Pediatr Urol 2018; 14:170.e1-170.e7. [PMID: 29295782 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ongoing controversy surrounds the role of atmospheric temperature in the incidence of intravaginal testicular torsion (iTT). This debate may be attributed to inadequate research methodology. As environmental risk factors have been successfully investigated with distributed lag non-linear model regression (DLNM), we applied this methodology to investigate the association between daily mean atmospheric temperatures (Tmean) and daily incidences of intravaginal testicular torsion (iTT) in our region. STUDY DESIGN We analyzed time series consisting of the daily incidences of surgically confirmed iTT according to Tmean, in a circumscribed region in central Brazil from 2012 to 2015, with non-parametric tests, unadjusted and seasonally and long-term trend adjusted time series regression, as well as with DLNM. RESULTS We recovered 218 cases of iTT in 1125 days of study. Most patients were teenagers (median 15.8 years, interquartile range 14.1-18.5 years). Within the 188 days with events, a single event was recorded on 161 days, two events were recorded on 24 days, and three events were recorded on 3 days. Tmean was lower in days with iTT compared with days without iTT (median 21.4 °C vs. 20.9 °C, p = 0.0002). We found decreasing magnitude and uncertainty of the direction of the effect of Tmean as a risk factor for iTT as the time series regression model was adjusted for seasonal and long-term trends. DLNM indicated a more complex exposure-response relation, with a proportional increase in risk when Tmean fell below 19.4 °C at the day of exposure (for 18.0 °C, RR 4.35) and a protective effect, for similar temperatures, after 1-2 and 7-12 days of exposure (RR 0.44 and 0.78, respectively). DISCUSSION The association between lower Tmean and higher incidences of iTT at first observed with conventional non-parametric tests and unadjusted time series regression disappeared with adjusted time series regression models, reproducing the conflicting results of the literature. In contrast, DLNM revealed both a proportional effect of Tmean with decreasing temperatures and a delayed decrease in risk, suggesting a harvesting effect, seen when the pool of susceptible patients is depleted at exposure leading to a subsequent decrease in the incidence of the disease. CONCLUSION According to DLMN, exposures to lower Tmean were associated with immediate greater risk and delayed reduction in risk for iTT. This pattern, indicating a harvesting effect, strongly argues that low temperatures do constitute a risk factor for iTT.
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Schwarz GM, Hirtler L. The cremasteric reflex and its muscle - a paragon of ongoing scientific discussion: A systematic review. Clin Anat 2017; 30:498-507. [DOI: 10.1002/ca.22875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert M. Schwarz
- Division of Anatomy; Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Lena Hirtler
- Division of Anatomy; Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
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Kistamás K, Ruzsnavszky O, Telek A, Kosztka L, Kovács I, Dienes B, Csernoch L, Józsa T. Expression of anti-Mullerian hormone receptor on the appendix testis in connection with urological disorders. Asian J Androl 2013; 15:400-3. [PMID: 23291863 DOI: 10.1038/aja.2012.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The female internal sex organs develop from the paramesonephric (Mullerian) duct. In male embryos, the regression of the Mullerian duct is caused by the anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH), which plays an important role in the process of testicular descent. The physiological remnant of the Mullerian duct in males is the appendix testis (AT). In our previous study, we presented evidence for the decreased incidence of AT in cryptorchidism with intraoperative surgery. In this report, the expression of the anti-Mullerian hormone receptor type 2 (AMHR2), the specific receptor of AMH, on the AT was investigated in connection with different urological disorders, such as hernia inguinalis, torsion of AT, cysta epididymis, varicocele, hydrocele testis and various forms of undescended testis. The correlation between the age of the patients and the expression of the AMHR2 was also examined. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry were used to detect the receptor's mRNA and protein levels, respectively. We demonstrate that AMHR2 is expressed in the ATs. Additionally, the presence of this receptor was proven at the mRNA and protein levels. The expression pattern of the receptor correlated with neither the examined urological disorders nor the age of the patients; therefore, the function of the AT remains obscure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornél Kistamás
- Department of Physiology, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen 4032, Hungary
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Kaftanovskaya EM, Huang Z, Barbara AM, De Gendt K, Verhoeven G, Gorlov IP, Agoulnik AI. Cryptorchidism in mice with an androgen receptor ablation in gubernaculum testis. Mol Endocrinol 2012; 26:598-607. [PMID: 22322597 DOI: 10.1210/me.2011-1283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Androgens play a critical role in the development of the male reproductive system, including the positioning of the gonads. It is not clear, however, which developmental processes are influenced by androgens and what are the target tissues and cells mediating androgen signaling during testicular descent. Using a Cre-loxP approach, we have produced male mice (GU-ARKO) with conditional inactivation of the androgen receptor (Ar) gene in the gubernacular ligament connecting the epididymis to the caudal abdominal wall. The GU-ARKO males had normal testosterone levels but developed cryptorchidism with the testes located in a suprascrotal position. Although initially subfertile, the GU-ARKO males became sterile with age. We have shown that during development, the mutant gubernaculum failed to undergo eversion, a process giving rise to the processus vaginalis, a peritoneal outpouching inside the scrotum. As a result, the cremasteric sac did not form properly, and the testes remained in the low abdominal position. Abnormal development of the cremaster muscles in the GU-ARKO males suggested the participation of androgens in myogenic differentiation; however, males with conditional AR inactivation in the striated or smooth muscle cells had a normal testicular descent. Gene expression analysis showed that AR deficiency in GU-ARKO males led to the misexpression of genes involved in muscle differentiation, cell signaling, and extracellular space remodeling. We therefore conclude that AR signaling in gubernacular cells is required for gubernaculum eversion and outgrowth. The GU-ARKO mice provide a valuable model of isolated cryptorchidism, one of the most common birth defects in newborn boys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena M Kaftanovskaya
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, Florida 33199, USA
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Lie G, Hutson JM. The role of cremaster muscle in testicular descent in humans and animal models. Pediatr Surg Int 2011; 27:1255-65. [PMID: 22038274 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-011-2983-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Testicular descent is a complex developmental process involving anatomical and hormonal regulation. The gubernaculum undergoes a "swelling reaction" during the transabdominal phase and is mainly under the control of Insulin-Like Peptide 3 (INSL-3) and Mullerian Inhibitory Substance/Anti-Mullerian Hormone (MIS/AMH). The second phase of testicular descent is regulated by androgens and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) release from the sensory nucleus of the genitofemoral nerve (GFN). In rodents, the active proliferation of the gubernacular tip and cremaster muscle, its rhythmic contraction, as well as the chemotactic gradient provided by the CGRP result in eventual migration of the testis into the scrotum. This review illustrates the structural aspects and hormonal control of cremaster muscle development to better understand the mechanism of testicular descent in normal rodents and humans, compared to diseased rodent models. The analysis showed the cremaster muscle is formed from mesenchymal differentiation of the gubernacular tip and is not a direct passive extension of internal oblique muscle. Cremaster muscle matures slower than other body muscles, and the persistence of immature myogenic proteins seen in cardiac muscle allows rhythmic contraction to guide the testis into the scrotum. Finally, remodelling of the cremaster muscle enables gubernacular eversion. Further understanding of the molecular regulators governing the structural and hormonal changes in the cremaster muscle may lead to new advances in the treatment of undescended testes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Lie
- Douglas Stephens Surgical Research Unit, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
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Sanders N, Buraundi S, Balic A, Southwell BR, Hutson JM. Cremaster Muscle Myogenesis in the Tip of the Rat Gubernaculum Supports Active Gubernacular Elongation During Inguinoscrotal Testicular Descent. J Urol 2011; 186:1606-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2011.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Sanders
- F. Douglas Stephens Surgical Research Laboratory, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne and Department of Urology, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Silverton Buraundi
- F. Douglas Stephens Surgical Research Laboratory, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne and Department of Urology, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adam Balic
- F. Douglas Stephens Surgical Research Laboratory, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne and Department of Urology, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bridget R. Southwell
- F. Douglas Stephens Surgical Research Laboratory, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne and Department of Urology, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - John M. Hutson
- F. Douglas Stephens Surgical Research Laboratory, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne and Department of Urology, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Özdemirkiran T, Ertekin C. Cremaster muscle motor unit action potentials. Clin Neurophysiol 2011; 122:1679-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2010.12.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Revised: 12/24/2010] [Accepted: 12/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Unilateral rhythmic testicular movements. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2010; 112:733-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2010.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2009] [Revised: 05/17/2010] [Accepted: 05/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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